Including deprivation costs in facility location models for humanitarian relief logistics

Humanitarian assistance is meant to save lives and alleviate human suffering during and in the aftermath of man-made and natural disasters. To prevent and strengthen preparedness for the occurrence of such situations, having available relief supplies in the short-term becomes crucial. The lack of access to life-sustaining items implies a loss in people's welfare, treated as an externality called deprivation costs which must be incorporated into decision-making processes. Since typical humanitarian applications are extensions of commercial logistic models, they usually do not account for externalities, leading to high social costs and likely to unfeasible or suboptimal solutions.This paper develops a facility location model for prepositioning supplies in preparation for disasters; the key feature of this formulation being the fact that it explicitly considers deprivation costs in the objective function. The model attempts to minimize the global social costs, as the sum of both private costs (i.e. costs of transportation, inventory costs and fixed costs of facilities) and deprivation costs, determining the amount per type of product to be prepositioned for serving the areas affected by a disaster during the initial response. The model focuses on those assistance interventions that should be carried out immediately, i.e. within the first 24 h of a humanitarian crisis. We applied the model, using real information, to the Colombian Caribbean region, which was affected by floods in 2010 and 2011. Results demonstrate that deprivation costs represent more than 50% of the total social cost.     

Collisions: Negotiating tensions in a shared marketplace

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) operate within marketing systems comprising broader networks of individuals, groups, and/or entities linked through shared participation in economic exchanges. These systems include diverse constituents with varied goals and orientations. Inherently, tensions arise as NPOs, for‐profit firms, and other social actors pursue differing agendas, often competing for finite resources. In this paper, we report the results of an ethnographic study, which examines one community's efforts to alleviate these tensions as they occur in a downtown business district. The area is noted for its economic vitality and diversity, but struggles to accommodate the needs of the homeless population and the social service agencies who maintain a presence there. Relationships between multiple constituencies erode as the business community seeks to displace both the social service agencies and the individuals they serve. The community in this study moved through thematic stages of problem solving associated with contentious social issues. They sought to use a bridging organization by forming a local homeless task force. An apparent breakdown occurred when the task force was unable to articulate integrative values and a vision for the community as a whole. The study illustrates the importance of establishing a set of shared values and vision and emphasizes the importance of the establishment of bridging organizations with power and authority to negotiate and implement changes. It challenges the utilization of sociospatial and relational mechanisms, which are designed to physically shift the homeless from the area.     

Return of the inoperability

There has been unrest in the research community investigating the inoperability of an economic system under disaster situations. The inoperability input–output model (IIM), which is very popular in the risk management field, has become a center of argument, particularly from the input–output researchers, that IIM is a straightforward application of the standard Leontief input–output model. This paper revisits the concept of inoperability, rather than IIM, and proposes its new role in disaster impact analysis using a conventional tool, i.e. the RAS method, for illustrating how the inoperability of an economic system in the aftermath of disaster can be evaluated. The proposed framework is employed to examine the inoperability of industries resulting from the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The findings of the analysis reveal the usefulness of inoperability concept that can even incorporate resilience (gained operability) using the proposed framework of this paper.     

国外防灾社区建设的经验与启示

"防灾社区"的内涵不仅仅是"抗灾社区"和"耐灾社区",更重要的是促进居民参与可持续性社区的发展.通过对美国、日本以及印尼等国家具体实践经验的考察,总结国外防灾社区建设的经验包括:以社区参与为基础,利用社会资源,开展宣传教育,以及遵循科学的步骤.针对我国在社区防救灾方面存在的问题,要积极开展政府规划与支援.组建防灾社区组织和志愿者队伍,开发社会资源,利用专业团队,最终促进社区居民的广泛参与与成果推广.     

To the Rescue!? Brokering a Rapid,Scaled and Customized Compassionate Response to Suffering after Disaster

Suffering comes in many forms that significantly impact organizations’ operations and performance. As a result, recent research on compassion organizing seeks to explain how efforts to notice, feel, and respond to suffering create organizational (and societal) benefits. Widespread suffering can be generated by natural disasters, which in turn can trigger compassionate organizational responses. In this paper, we build on social capital theory to theorize about how compassionate ventures leverage network relationships to identify and mobilize resources. We also explore how differences in these approaches influence the magnitude, speed, and customization of the response, all of which are theorized indicators of the effectiveness of compassion organizing in alleviating suffering. We use structural equation modelling to test our model and find that compassionate ventures with stronger ties to the local community are more likely to bundle (i.e., stretch) resources, which facilitates a speedy, customized, and large magnitude response. In contrast, those with stronger ties outside the local community are more likely to pursue (i.e., chase) new resources, which results in a large magnitude response, but one that is not associated with speed or customization. We discuss the implications of our findings and make recommendations for future research.     

Linear production function,externalities and indeterminacy in a capital-resource growth model

This paper investigates the equilibrium growth dynamics of an economy whose production is based on natural resources and which seeks to maximize welfare to the local community. This involves determining the optimal trajectories of consumption in the local area and the use of the environmental resource. Economic dynamics are affected by negative environmental externalities which are explicitly included as unfavourable effects in a linear production function. The analysis shows the existence of local and global indeterminacy.     

应急物流中物资调运研究综述

在灾害的救助过程中,合理地调运应急物资,对有效减轻灾害程度,减少灾害影响范围,缩短受害持续时间有着特殊的意义。文章通过对应急物流中物资调运的相关文献进行分析总结。指出相关研究中所存在的问题,并就进一步研究提出展望。     

5·12震灾后的社区重建:含义、策略及其服务框架

作为系统、全面、整合地进行地震灾后恢复重建的方式之一,社区重建能够有效地发动社区居民的参与.开展迅速有效的灾后社区重建,要在坚持充分发挥社区居民的参与,坚持统筹协调发展,坚持民间资源的整合,坚持发挥专业团队作用的原则下,通过行政主导型或社区动员型的重建模式,分阶段有策略地开展灾后社区生态与公共设施重建、社会救助与重建、心理辅导与心理重建、就业与教育促进以及医疗救助与公共卫生服务.     

Dynamic inoperability input-output modeling for economic losses estimation in industries during flooding

Among all natural disasters, flood stands as a recurrently happening disaster. It holds the aptitude to disrupt the organizations and to cause absenteeism of the workforce in industries. As the workforce is directly involve in the functioning of industries, work force absenteeism can cause reduced production and inoperability which outcomes in financial losses of industrial sectors. This research objects to estimate inoperability of industries due to distraction of workers by incorporating Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output Model (DIIM). Economic losses are determined from inoperability. Industrial area which is selected for the research includes local industries in Peshawar, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Various industries are chosen and are ordered according to inoperability and economic losses. Industries having highest financial damages are: (i) Agriculture; (ii) Sugar mills; and (iii) Marble industry. These three industries hold liable for 40.6% of the overall financial losses of fifteen industries. Industries suffering from highest inoperability include (i) Sugar mills; (ii) Agriculture and (iii) Marble industry. A risk analysis frame work has also been developed to help industrial sectors to recover after a disaster. Besides, data of three different floods has also been taken for the above mentioned critical sectors to plot probability distributions for predicting economic losses of most frequent floods. Furthermore, this research methodology has been applied to flooding but it can be applied to any other disaster, everywhere.     

Knowledge Commoning: Scaffolding and Technoficing to Overcome Challenges of Knowledge Curation

Extant approaches to information provisioning to farmers to improve agricultural productivity, and thereby alleviate poverty have relied on top-down external expert-driven knowledge. Such external knowledge involves decontextualised content and the use of technical language, and is resource-intensive. An alternative view emphasises the need to explore indigenous knowledge exists in rural communities, which, in contrast, requires the use of local resources, is easily understandable, and has greater potential for adoption. This paper explores how information and communication technologies, specifically videos, can be leveraged to curate such indigenous knowledge and convert it to knowledge commons. Adopting a case study approach that involved multiple sources of data collection over a nine-year period, we unearthed a dynamic process model that we labelled as knowledge commoning. It is a process through which latent-action-oriented knowledge from high-yield farmers embedded within its social context is made available as commons. The creation of knowledge commons is an iterative process between knowledge curation and knowledge dissemination, and is guided by the demand and uptake potential within local farming communities. Further, we describe how socio-cultural barriers in knowledge commoning can be overcome through scaffolding, involving the concealment of social transformation objectives within another goal desired by the community. Technological challenges can be overcome through the process of technoficing, which encompasses pursuing social objectives using technology that is appropriate for the purpose. Building on our process model, we offer contributions to theory, practice, and policy.     

考虑次生灾害的多资源多受灾点资源配置模型

重大的自然灾害往往会伴随一些次生灾害的发生,文中运用情景-分析理论考虑了灾害发生后可能出现的灾害演化,即次生灾害的出现,运用P-中位问题理论建立了一个考虑次生灾害的两阶段最优化的多资源多受灾点资源配置模型,目标函数为资源配置点到受灾点的距离和相应的配置量乘积最小。     

Can Corporate Social Responsibility Lead to Social License? A Sentiment and Emotion Analysis

The term social license (SL) refers to the acceptance or approval by a community of a company's presence. It is generally assumed in the literature that effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions will lead to an SL. In this study we examine the CSR-SL relationship at the local community level and establish boundary conditions on the effectiveness of local CSR in creating an SL. Using consent-based micro-social contract theory, we theorize that commitment to local CSR improves the level to which a local community grants an SL to a multinational corporation (MNC), but the impact is moderated by the global legitimacy of the parent company, the nature of institutions in the host country, and the degree of polarization within the focal community. Based on 3696 articles regarding 43 global mining MNCs operating in 523 local communities between 2008 and 2020, we use natural language processing and sentiment analysis to evaluate the degree to which a local community grants an SL. Our empirical evidence indicates that local CSR does positively influence the granting of an SL, but the effect is reduced when there is strong rule of law or high community polarization and increased when the focal firm has strong global legitimacy.     

南贵昆经济区城市空间结构研究

南贵昆经济区是西部大开发中点轴开发的典型模式,是以城市为节点加强区际联系的典型表现.对南贵昆经济区城市化水平和城市等级规模结构的分析表明,南贵昆经济区城市化水平较低,城市等级规模结构不完善.整个经济区城市空间分布受资源禀赋影响显著,城市主要沿交通干线分布,在地域空间上呈离散的点状分布,没有形成较大规模的城市带和城市群.     

运用FLAC2D程序对某隧道突水事故机理的探讨

岩溶突水是山区隧道和矿山巷道工程建设中常见的地质灾害之一。某隧道建设工程为深埋岩溶隧道，隧道大部经过碳酸盐岩地区，局部发育软弱夹层，地质条件复杂程度和施工难度较大。文章通过对工程实例进行分析，并结合地质条件，建立一个以开挖面为隧道边界的纵断面地质模型，然后运用FLAC程序进行数值建模，模拟研究，得到一个岩溶突水形成、发展、发生的过程，初步揭示了该隧道岩溶突水的规律及特点，对类似地质条件的工程建设具有借鉴意义。     

Does rising income increase or decrease damage risk from natural disasters?

Recent empirical literature has found a negative relationship between income per capita and measures of risk from natural disaster, supportive of logic that higher incomes allow countries to mitigate disaster risk. We argue that behavioral changes at the micro level in response to increasing income (such as location choice and extent of costly abatement activity) may lead to a non-linear relationship between aggregate incomes and disaster damages, where the risks increase with income before they decrease. In a country-year panel data set, we show that disaster risk associated with flooding, landslides and windstorms increases with income up to GDP per capita levels of $5044, $3360, and $4688 per year respectively and decrease thereafter. Such non-linear impacts are absent for other disaster types such as extreme temperature events and earthquakes where the links between human behavioral choices and exposure to risk are not as strong. From a policy perspective, this suggests that for the least developed countries, the dual goals of disaster risk prevention and economic development cannot be assumed to be complementary for all forms of natural disaster. In addition to allocating resources to manage disaster risk, the poorest nations may have to be more proactive in enacting policies that alter the behavioral choices of citizens that impact a country's exposure to natural disaster risk.     

Basic Needs and Technology Transfer Issues in the 'New International Economic Order'

A bstract . Developing countries have called for the establishment of a new International Economic Order. New perceptions of development are examined as they relate to haste needs and the transfer of technology within such a framework. The approach seeks to reduce and eventually to eliminate dependence on developed country enterprises, thus allowing developing countries to control their natural resources. It seeks to accelerate self-reliance and to introduce some measure of global management of resources. Technology transferred must be appropriate technology, adapted to local conditions and aimed at meeting specific local needs.     

再议海洋油气资源的开发利用

二十一世纪是海洋全面开发的新世纪,越来越多的国家都把合理有序地开发利用海洋资源,保护海洋环境作为求生存、求发展的基本国策。我国海洋油气储量丰富,增长潜力巨大,大力开发海洋油气资源有利于缓解国内能源短缺状况,满足社会和经济发展需要。本文针对我国现有海洋油气资源开发利用现状,对如何加快开发利用海洋油气资源提出措施和建议,以便为制定海洋油气资源发展规划、研究国家能源战略和海洋经济的最优发展模式等提供参考。     

关于垃圾焚烧发电工程中的谐波治理

因社会经济发展需要,我国电能消耗量大幅度增加,使得发电工程的运转面临困境。一方面,大部分发电工程依赖于传统的燃烧发电模式;另一方面,煤、石油等自然资源的存储量日趋减少。为了缓解自然能源消耗危机,降低发电工程实施的成本投入,采用"垃圾焚烧发电"成为了电能生产的新方法,实现了废弃资源的循环利用。但在垃圾焚烧发电工程中常会面临谐波问题,若不及时处理则会影响到电气设备的运行效率,本文主要分析了垃圾焚烧发电中的谐波治理问题。     

崇明岛生态旅游标准化建设研究

本文基于国内外生态旅游标准相关理论和实践分析的基础上,结合崇明岛生态旅游自身发展状况及存在问题,从生态旅游环境质量、生态旅游资源、基础服务设施等级软、硬件方面探讨崇明岛生态旅游标准化体系建设与举措。本文是2010年国家旅游局规划基金项目(批准号:10TABG016);上海师范大学科研项目(批准号:DKL923、PL820)。     

基于电子商务的应急物资采购方案研究

相继突然其来的南方大面积雪灾、汶川大地震等自然灾害,给我国带来了巨大的经济打击,同时也使我国的社会大物流系统和企业的物流服务遭受到严峻挑战。在灾害发生时,如何在有限的时间内,筹集足够的救灾物资,以最佳的调配策略准确将救援物资紧急配送至灾区,成为抗震救灾一大工作重点．．然而,由于其特有的目的性和紧迫性,应急物资的采购量一般相当大．对采购对象的质量和时间上要求都很高。建议采取基于电子商务（B2B／B2G）的应急物资采购,充分利用网络资源,缩短采购环节：开辟多种渠道,保证物资的质量