我国教育服务贸易的新发展:“入世”十周年的回顾与反思

"入世"以后,我国的教育服务贸易得到较快发展,境外消费、中外合作办学和自然人流动是贸易的主要方式。但是,我国的教育服务贸易逆差大,对教育服务的可贸易性认识不足、教育服务国际竞争力弱、教育服务贸易立法不完善、教育管理体制僵化和国际合作有限等因素限制了我国教育服务贸易发展的深度与广度。因此,我国必须尽快制定教育服务贸易战略规划,完善教育管理体制与教育服务贸易立法,加强国际交流与合作,才能推动教育服务贸易快速健康发展。     

我国的教育服务贸易与立法

加入WTO促进了我国教育服务贸易的快速发展,也加快了我国教育服务贸易的立法进程。但是,对教育服务的可贸易性认识不足、明显的教育服务贸易逆差、严重滞后的教育服务贸易立法、模糊不清的政府职能定位和严重缺位的政府服务等问题都影响了我国教育服务贸易的健康发展,如何维护教育主权及如何保护和弘扬我国的民族文化是我国发展教育服务贸易面临的重大挑战。我国应当从完善教育服务贸易立法体制和立法内容两方面入手,积极推进教育服务贸易发展的进程。     

我国教育服务贸易发展现状与对策研究

随着教育国际化快速发展,教育服务贸易作为服务贸易的重要组成部分,正日益成为国际贸易一个重要的新兴领域。本文在对我国教育服务贸易发展现状研究分析基础上,分析了我国教育服务贸易发展目前存在的教育服务贸易逆差严重、政府管理职能划分不清以及法律制度不完善等问题,为促进我国教育服务贸易的健康发展提出了相应的对策建议。     

湖南省国际教育服务贸易问题研究

在国际贸易活动中,服务贸易越来越成为国际商贸的主导产业,国际教育服务贸易是整个国际服务贸易业的重要组成部分。在这样的大环境下,湖南省国际教育服务贸易同样呈现出良好的发展态势。但是,在其发展过程中也出现了各种各样的问题。所以为了发展湖南省国际教育服务贸易、进一步提高湖南省国际教育服务贸易水平,本文从政府和学校两方面提出了适时可行的对策与建议,借此推进湖南省国际教育服务贸易的稳固发展。     

中国教育服务贸易:规模、结构与趋势分析

教育服务贸易是教育国际化与服务贸易结合的产物,属于服务贸易的范畴,一国的教育服务贸易水平体现了一个国家的综合国力。目前发达国家是主要的教育服务贸易出口国,发展中国家是主要的教育服务贸易进口国。本文采用文献演绎法对教育服务贸易产生的理论背景进行了梳理与归纳,并分析了我国教育服务贸易的规模与结构,进而展望我国教育服务贸易在国际中发展的趋势。     

美国境外消费教育服务贸易的发展现状及其对我国的启示

美国是教育服务贸易的最大出口国，境外消费教育服务贸易为美国带来了巨大的经济收益。而我国作为教育服务贸易的进口大国，为了改变教育服务贸易巨额逆差的状态，应从美国教育服务贸易发展中得到一些启示。     

威海对韩服务贸易情况与发展建议

2016年2月14日,国务院常务会议确定在天津、上海、海南、深圳、威海等10个省市和哈尔滨、江北、两江、贵安、西咸5个国家级新区开展服务贸易创新发展试点,由此威海揭开了服务贸易创新发展的新篇章。作为距离韩国最近的中国城市,威海与韩国在人员交往、贸易往来等方面拥有显著优势。本文分析总结了威海与韩国服务贸易的现状与既有优势,并尝试对发展威海与韩国间的服务贸易提出建议。     

新形势下中泰教育服务贸易障碍及策略探讨

目前,中国教育服务贸易集中在东南沿海一线城市与区域,院校开放力度普遍较高,中泰教育服务贸易规模持续扩大。新形势下中泰教育服务贸易,面临着民间交流频率较低、中国教育服务贸易区分布失衡、市场教育服务贸易质量堪忧、两国教育服务贸易产业链急需完善等障碍。因此,推进两国教育服务贸易合作规模的再扩大,实现国内市场教育服务布局的均衡发展,探讨两国教育服务贸易良性发展是具有价值的思考。     

中国教育服务贸易的竞争力研究

教育服务贸易是国际服务贸易的重要组成部分,其功能不仅是教育服务本身,还涉及经济、文化、内需等诸多方面。我国教育服务贸易面临着发达国家贸易壁垒、缺乏国际教育质量认证体系等问题。本文从中国教育服务贸易发展面临的国际竞争力出发,较为全面地综述了我国教育服务贸易的发展状况和我国高等教育服务贸易国际竞争力,并提出提升国际竞争力的具体对策。     

中韩服务贸易比较研究

随着经济全球化的不断深入,服务贸易在一国经贸活动中地位越来越重要。近年来,发展速度已超过货物贸易,成为全球经济增长的重要推动力。中国虽是贸易大国,但服务贸易水平较低,只有大力发展服务贸易才能使中国从贸易大国向贸易强国转变。作为新型工业化国家,韩国的服务贸易近年来迅猛发展,竞争力明显提升。通过对中韩服务贸易发展水平及出口产业结构的比较研究,分析两国服务贸易的特征,对比两国服务贸易的优势与不足,启示中国在发展服务贸易过程中应注重教育,培养服务贸易人才;引入竞争机制,改善投资环境;继续发展优势产业并积极提升劣势产业的竞争力;有序开放服务贸易市场,不断加大监管力度。     

The Effect of Real Exchange Rate Volatility on the Trade of Educational Services

This article finds that high levels of real exchange rate volatility between two trading partners significantly decrease the amount of educational services traded. Many academic institutions are actively looking to expand exports of educational services as a means of increasing revenues. Internal policies that reduce real exchange rate uncertainty may help encourage trade of educational services between countries where volatility is high. The discovery that real exchange rate volatility serves as a significant barrier to attracting educational export opportunities to certain countries underscores an obstacle that should and/or could be addressed as academic institutions strive to expand their international enrollments.     

Free trade agreement and transport service trade

This study investigates the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on trade in transport services using OECD data from 2003 to 2006. Our analysis found that FTAs had a positive overall impact on transport services for multiple countries (i.e., 26 home and 56 partner countries). The resulting positive overall impact assures that, even with the challenges associated with different layers of services and the obstacles formed by generally low trade openness in the sector, the provisions in FTAs (e.g., national treatment and market access for goods and services) promote transport service trades. Our findings suggest that the provisions in FTAs encourage economic agents to increase engagement in transport services because of expanded openness of the physical movement of goods across international borders.     

EXPLAINING ASYMMETRY IN THE U.S. MERCHANDISE AND SERVICE ACCOUNT BALANCE: Does the Service Sector Hold the Key to the U.S. Current Account Woes?

The U.S. economy has experienced two noteworthy structural changes in recent years. Externally, there has been a growing deficit in the merchandise account along with a simultaneously rising service account surplus. And domestically, the GDP share of the service sectors has been growing at a faster rate relative to the goods sectors. The objective of this article is to test the proposition that much of the asymmetry in the relative performance of the merchandise and the service accounts can be explained (1) in terms of income and price elasticity differentials and (2) in terms of relative growth of the service sectors. Results from estimated import and export demand functions for merchandise and service trades and from sectoral analysis of the U.S. economy seem to support the above proposition. The main policy implications are that: (1) domestically, the United States should facilitate current sectoral transformation by eliminating market distortions and rigidities and (2) externally, it should expand on the initiatives taken during the Uruguay Round and drive the WTO toward a full liberalization of trade in services.     

Factors impacting the demand for repair services of household products: the disappearing repair trades and the throwaway society

The repair trades for common household appliances and products were once a viable trade in America, employing hundreds of thousands of skilled blue‐collar workers. However, over the past few decades, these trades have been dying out. The reason is that many household products are simply disposed of rather than repaired and reused, a result of the throwaway society. The disposal of household products, especially those considered ‘e‐waste’, can have negative consequences for the environment. Through time series analysis, this paper explores those factors that contribute to the decline in demand for repair services and, hence, the shrinking demand for employment within the repair trades. The purpose of this paper is to give the reader a greater understanding of those economic forces that contribute to a throwaway society.     

Provision of Public Services to the Post-Nomadic Bedouin Society in Israel

Bedouin nomads in southern Israel have been sedentarising and semi-urbanising in recent decades. During this process, they have become part of a public service provision system. This is a unique process as usually nomads rely on internal resources for attaining the goals of these services, whereas here they are obliged to use external resources. Such a process, therefore, is bound to be a conflictual one with many barriers. An analysis of provision of public educational and health services reveals that they have been spatially, functionally and culturally constrained, thus putting the Bedouin within a stressful situation.     

中美两国运输服务贸易的国际竞争力比较分析

通过对中美两国运输服务贸易的国际竞争力比较分析,得出我国运输服务贸易的国际竞争力比较弱的结论。鉴于运输服务贸易的重要性及我国现实国情,政府应将运输服务贸易作为发展我国服务贸易的重点之一,努力提高其国际竞争力,即加强中国运输产业自身发展,加强对运输服务贸易的政策导向及扶持力度;加强专业人才培养和引进,提高运输服务质量;努力开拓海内外市场,实现规模经营。     

The Creation and Growth of Small Business Service Firms in Post-Industrial Britain

Since 1980, the United Kingdom has experienced a dramatic growth in firms and employment in information-intensive business services, such as management consultancy and market research. This article reports the results of the first substantial nation-wide investigation into the nature and causes of small professional business service firm growth in Britain, undertaken in 1991. It reveals marked differences in the characteristics, markets and competitive requirements of such firms, compared with small manufacturing firms. The demand for their services comes predominantly from large companies, and is more focussed on financial and other services and government. But small firms are also making increasing use of business services. Specialised expertise, reputation and educational and professional qualifications are essential prerequisites for the establishment of new business service firms. Their success is also being enhanced by increasing use of informal networking, collaborative partnerships, and subcontracting.     

Jobs mismatch and productivity impact of information technology

This paper studies the link between jobs mismatch and the impact of information technologies (ITs) on the efficiency of small service firms. From the perspective of job matching theory, the paper explores how small service firms that use ITs obtain an optimal matching between new skill requirements and workforce skills. The hypotheses suggest that optimal equilibrium will be obtained by matching IT intensity to ITs training and the proportion of workers with high educational levels. The study tests the hypotheses on a large sample of small services firms in Spain. The results confirm that matching the educational levels of the workforce with the IT intensity of the firm increases the efficiency of small service firms, while mismatch will decrease it. The contribution of IT training to firms' efficiency depends on training intensity but not on IT intensity.     

Rethinking Output in Services

On the basis of two case-studies (commercial services and educational or training services) this article tries to point out the main types of output which can be &fined and possibly measured in order to extend to service activities the traditional approach of industrial output. Two lines are finally suggested, distinguishing between direct (or immediate) output, which designates the amount of services received; and indirect (or mediate) output, which would be the concepts of effects produced, beyond immediate supply, by the services on their beneficiaries (households or producers).     

从审计免疫系统论看高校内部审计的发展

高校内部审计作为高校可持续发展的内部免疫系统,在规范高校管理、促进高校持续与有效发展等方面的作用越来越大。基于审计免疫系统论,现代高校内部审计应树立独立理念、服务理念、利益理念和风险理念,完善内部审计管理机制,加快内部审计的转型和发展,提高内部审计的信息化管理水平。