State Trading and China's Agricultural Import Policies

WTO rules on state trading operating through provisions on state trading (Article XVII) and on tariff bindings (Article II) discipline import protection in line with countries' tariff bindings as long as sufficient information is available to monitor the behavior of state trading enterprises. China's economic reforms have left state trading a minor part of its trade regime overall, although it applies to trade in important agricultural commodities, and oil. China's commitments in its WTO accession package will make policy much more transparent and allow China to develop a highly efficient agricultural sector. This policy stance also highlights the pressing need for improved policies to counter rural poverty.     

EU Policies on Bioenergy and their Potential Clash with the WTO

The paper outlines EU policy on bioenergy, including biofuels, in the context of its policy initiatives to promote renewable energy to combat greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The EU’s Member States are responsible for implementing EU policy: thus, the UK’s Renewables Obligation on electricity suppliers and its Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation and road‐fuel tax rebates are examined. It is unlikely that EU policy is in conflict with the WTO Agreement on Agriculture or that on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, but its provisions on environmental sustainability criteria could be problematic.     

提高农产品竞争力:理论、现状与政策建议

我国加入世贸之后，在国际竞争日益激烈的背景下，为了抓住机遇，迎接挑战，促进发展，就必须不断提高我国产品的国际竞争力。为此，需要全面理解竞争力的构成要素，研究我国目前的差距，采取有针对性的改进措施。     

欧盟共同农业政策的新改革

1999年 3月 2 6日 ,欧盟 1 5国国家元首和政府首脑在德国首都柏林达成一项关于 2 0 0 0年议程农业指导政策与资助调整的全面协定。柏林协定是经过欧盟各成员国认真努力谈判所取得的成果。它针对 2 0 0 0年议程 ,规划了财政前景、共同农业政策改革和结构性调整行动等三方面内容 ,被认为是欧盟共同农业政策的一项新改革。一、共同农业政策改革的背景　　自 1 96 2年欧共体建立并实施共同农业政策以来 ,欧共体 (欧盟 )获得了巨大的成就 ,它所制定的主要农业目标已经达到。欧共体各成员国实现了食品自给有余 ,确保了农业人口生活稳定 ,保证了以…     

The Struggle to Sustain Agriculture in EU Southern Neighbourhood Partners: Improving Data and Policies

The agricultural sector in the EU Southern Neighbourhood Partners (SNP) is struggling to respond to sustainability challenges. It needs stronger policies to deliver balanced sustainability outcomes in economic, social and environmental terms. Based on recent information and a structured assessment of the impacts of prevailing public policies on the sustainability of agriculture in Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt and Turkey, carried out within the Sustainmed project ( https://sustainmed.iamm.fr ), we conclude that several factors contribute to the struggles in strengthening sustainability functions of agriculture in these countries. In the main, there is a lack of policy coherence toward sustainability uncovered by the dual, unbalanced consideration given to different sustainability factors in the study countries: pure economic factors largely prevail over factors related to resource conservation and social and cultural values, these latter factors being a precondition for long-term economic growth. Consequently, there is a genuine need for a more consistent vision of sustainability issues in future policy agendas, including better data systems and specific policies to incentivise sustainable agriculture in the SNP; as the challenge over the coming decades in these countries will be to increase agricultural production and productivity while at the same time managing natural resources sustainably. Findings can guide policymakers and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector to identify pathways towards sustaining agriculture in the SNP.     

美国及欧共体的农业保护政策

一、美国的农业保护美国的农业保护始于上世纪20年代末期,1929年颁布的《农业销售法》是其开始的标志。以后经过修订和完善,现已形成一套完整的农业保护政策体系。这个体系大致可分为两类:一类是农业生产保护政策,另一类是农业贸易保护政策。(一)农业生产保护政策体系农业生产保护的根本目的,是使农业生产者能够摆脱因农业的弱质性和风险性对其基本利益所造成的威胁,保证农业生产者能够获得社会平均利润率,从而保护农业生产者的积极性。主要包括以下几方面内容:1.农业信贷优惠主要形式是“无追索权贷款”,也就是参与该计划的农场主获得的由…     

美国的扶农政策与农业生产率——基于二战后美国农业发展的实证研究

本文构建了一个关于美国农业生产率变化与各种影响因素之间相互关系的经济计量模型,并且利用美国农业的相关数据进行了估算,试图藉此阐释影响美国农业生产率变化的各种原因。笔者发现,美国战后50年来农业发展的经验表明,政府扶农政策对于农业增长意义重大,而且农场规模及农民外出务工状况等结构变量与农业生产率之间也存在着紧密的互动关系。     

Agricultural competitiveness: The case of the United States and major EU countries

Growth in the agricultural GDP of four major European countries is compared with US agricultural growth for the period 1974–1993. The agricultural sector's relative prices are taken into account along with economy-wide factor market adjustments. For Denmark, France, Germany and the UK, the effects of declining real prices and changes in input levels on growth in agricultural GDP are relatively small. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth appears to be the major contributor to European agricultural GDP growth. In comparison, TFP is the major source of growth in US agricultural GDP, but its rate of growth is lower than the European countries. In contrast, the declining real prices for US agriculture had a relatively large effect on its GDP. However, in recent years, the effects of declining real prices and declining rates of growth in TFP on European agriculture are relatively large. In the longer-run, the relative competitiveness of US agriculture is largely dependent on its ability to sustain and increase growth in TFP.     

区域经济发展与我国农业政策

区域经济理论表明:农村劳动力人口的减少是区域经济发展的一般规律,其转化的程度和水平是标志一个国家或区域经济发展程度和水平的一项重要指标,其主要推动力来自于农业和工业生产在技术方面的不同要求和劳动力收入的不同预期。因此,政策的制定必须符合经济运转的内在机理、减少农业资本流动的限制性、发挥区域经济的聚集作用、加大农村人力资本的投入等,以促进区域经济发展。     

美国农业支持政策效应评估

本文主要运用OECD组织开发的政策矩阵评估模型对美国不同的农业支持政策效应进行定量刻化 ,以确定不同农业支持政策对于生产、消费、贸易、农民收入和经济福利等产生不同的政策效应。对美国小麦不同的政策措施的分析结果表明 ,不同的农业支持政策产生明显不同的政策效应。市场价格支持对产量的增加有比较显著的促进作用 ,而地区支付对农场主的收入有明显的促进作用。从经济影响看 ,市场价格支持对生产、价格、贸易影响比较大 ,产生了较大的价格扭曲 ,引起社会福利损失。而地区支付则相反。比较而言 ,地区支付有更多的收入效应和更小的贸易扭曲效应 ,而市场价格支持有更明显的增产效应和更大的贸易扭曲效应。     

BRIC Agricultural Policies Through a WTO Lens

This article examines the agricultural policies of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) through the prism of the disciplines on agricultural domestic support in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Although the BRIC are often grouped collectively as an emerging force in the world economy, divergent agricultural interests are reflected in different approaches towards agricultural policy both through international dispute settlement and notification of their own support. We examine the support notified to the WTO for verification of compliance with their legal commitments, which under the complex WTO rules often differs significantly from measurement of support in economic terms. We note the resulting difficulties of these disciplines in establishing limits on trade‐distorting support. Implications of a Doha agreement are examined. Although the prospect of adoption of new Doha disciplines has become remote, the negotiated provisions are informative about the future policy space the BRIC sought to maintain. Russia’s domestic support commitments under its 2012 WTO accession extend the international disciplines but share the complexity of the other cases.     

中美粮食补贴政策比较

本文在对我国粮食补贴政策演进三个阶段和美国粮食补贴政策发展四个阶段内容进行分析的基础上,比较中美粮食补贴政策的异同点,得出我国粮食补贴政策与粮食生产发展的有关结论,并提出政策建议。     

Stop and Go Agricultural Policies with a Land Market

This article studies the design of farm policy in the presence of asymmetric information about farmers' productivity, a government objective to insure farmers a minimum "parity" income, an endogenous land rent, and diminishing returns on alternative (nonprogram crop) land uses. In this setting, acreage set asides are never part of an optimal farm policy, although compensated acreage limits are. When there are new farmer entrants who cannot be excluded from farm programs, optimal policy takes the form of a pure voluntary acreage limitation—or "buyout"—program in which high-cost producers participate and low-cost producers do not.     

强化农业专项资金管理，落实强农惠农政策

强化农业专项资金管理是我国落实强衣惠农政策的关键措施,对农业的发展至关重要。本文通过对农业专项资金管理使用中的现状、存在的问题进行分析,提出加强农业专项资金管理监督的对策。