行政性失信惩戒程序规制的困境与纾解

行政性失信惩戒制度是社会信用法治体系建设中的重要内容,是实现社会信用体系目标和功能的关键手段。目前,行政性失信惩戒程序性法律供给不足,暴露出“一般失信行为”程序性规定缺失、失信相对人的程序性权利规定混乱及救济渠道不畅等问题。对行政性失信惩戒行为进行程序规制具有限制行政权力、保障失信相对人合法权利的价值内涵。在制度完善上,需要将“一般失信行为”纳入程序规制的范畴,赋予失信相对人知情权、行政抗辩权和获得听证权等程序性权利,拓宽失信相对人行政复议、行政诉讼的救济渠道,赋予失信相对人申请监督权等。     

行政法视域下的信用惩戒若干基本理论问题——兼论我国《行政处罚法》增设“信用惩戒条款”的可行性

行政主体以履行行政管理职责和提供公共服务为目的,依托负面信用信息给予相对人以惩处的一类行政行为,可用“信用惩戒”来指称.完整的信用惩戒呈现阶段性法律构造,包括失信信息归集、评价、列入、公布、惩处、约束等阶段,平衡论可为其提供理论支撑.运用行政过程论分析法律性质后发现,信用惩戒具有制裁性,必须明确其制度依据.该目的只有通...     

政府失信惩戒法治化初探北大核心

政府失信惩戒是指政府及其工作部门因外部行政行为侵犯或损害行政相对人的信赖利益所应当受到的惩罚或承担的责任。当前,政府失信惩戒面临着惩戒规范缺失、惩戒机制不科学、救济机制不完备等问题。为此,需要推进政府信用立法,优化问责机制与完善救济机制等,以促进我国政府失信惩戒的法治化。     

信用预防性行政诉讼的价值证成与制度构建

为信用执法相对人提供事前、事中、事后相衔接的全方位、多层次权利救济体系是信用法治应有之义.我国现行行政救济制度的事后性弊端使得其对信用执法相对人重大权益的保护十分不利,亟须构建预防性行政诉讼制度.信用预防性行政诉讼具有契合法治理念、满足依法行政要求、弥补行政救济漏洞以及适应法律全球化趋势等多重价值.构建信用预防性行政诉...     

失信惩戒机制的建设思路探讨

文章首先分析了失信惩戒机制具有惩罚、震慑、教育等功能作用,论证了行政机关、行业组织、市场主体、司法机关等不同主体有不同的失信惩戒机制,如行政惩戒、行业约束、市场惩戒、司法惩戒和道德惩戒等方式.之后提出了建设失信惩戒机制的基本思路:以公共信用信息平台建设为基础,以完善失信惩戒法律法规制度为保障,以建设商业征信系统和培育发展信用评级市场为主要手段,以行业内部自律惩戒为补充,打造覆盖全社会的"一处失信、处处受限"的信用惩戒体系.最后提出在建设失信惩戒机制时,要注意区分政府与市场的作用,注意保护信用主体合法权益,注意防范法律风险等问题.     

个人所得税纳税信用管理机制之合法性检视与优化——基于对《860号公告》的解读

从社会信用体系加强法律实施、抑制法律理性下的机会主义等二层逻辑内涵来看,将个人所得税纳税信用管理纳入社会信用体系建设为市场经济应有之义。但在该纳税信用管理机制中,对严重失信纳税人予以资格剥夺或限制以及自由限制(限制高消费)等失信联合惩戒措施均存在严重的合法性危机。我们不能期望通过社会信用体系的建设构建一个“完人社会”,“一处失信,处处受限”本身蕴含“惩戒无边”的意味,已然将失信联合惩戒推入违法行政边缘。社会信用体系的建设应在法律框架下进行,具体到个人所得税纳税信用管理机制中,可从行政法规层面立法,弥补失信联合惩戒法律供给不足,构建失信联合认定机制,守住法律底线。     

养老服务市场信用惩戒制度症结及其纾解

目前,养老服务市场信用惩戒制度形态以政府规范性文件为主,制度内容兼顾宏观政策指引与具体规则设计,但专门性规范文本与针对性条款的铺排并不成熟。因而存在惩戒对象模糊、惩戒标准各行其是、解除惩戒条件设置不适当及程序规则不完整等缺陷。养老服务市场信用惩戒制度的优化建构应基于信用惩戒的功能定位及其相关制度设置之特定场景来合理布局。除合理构设养老服务市场失信对象认定依据、优化养老服务市场失信惩戒措施的设置及周全信用惩戒的解除规则外,还需注意衔接养老服务市场信用惩戒与养老服务机构等级评定间的适用规定,以剔除制度脱节现象。     

行政性信用监管的法治应对

推行以信用为基础的行政性信用监管是加强和规范监管的一项创新型制度。它主要采取行政性信用裁决对市场主体守信或失信行为实行激励或惩戒,通过综合性信用风险评估对其市场活动实行分级分类监管。相较于传统的监管方式,分级分类监管更有利于政府治理能力的提高。但这种行政性信用监管的行政行为、行政程序、行政救济等都有可能冲击既有的法律护栏,由此招引合法性风险。因此,需要建构符合其监管目标的法治规则,在法律原则的约束下,实现与政府治理机制的有效衔接,把单一主体的封闭式监管提升为多元主体共同参与的开放式监管,从而让其找到正当的应用场景和自我完善的合适土壤。     

强化当前社会信用机制的思考

信用是现代市场经济的基石,信息不对称加剧了信用缺失。目前在市场经济中严重的信用缺失主要源于转型过程中社会道德理念的缺失,而信息不对称所产生的逆向选择和道德风险以及对失信行为惩戒制度的缺位加剧了社会信用缺失,因此强化社会信用机制是建设有中国特色社会主义市场经济的当务之急。     

守信联合激励的基本面向、实施困境及法治应对

作为一项社会治理创新机制,守信联合激励是行政主体在对行政相对人信用信息予以收集、评价的基础上,据此实施联合激励与动态调整的复合型行政活动。它是优化社会治理的重要方式,是建成诚信社会的关键之举,亦是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要抓手。然而,在实践中,其面临着合法性、精准性与有效性困境。为此,政府应当在转变观念的同时,通过完善制度供给、建立程序约束、健全救济机制等来共同推进守信联合激励制度向纵深发展。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.