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1.
Harry Bloch 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):343-353
This paper compares and contrasts the contributions of Joseph Alois Schumpeter and Josef Steindl to the competitive paradigm.
Both reject the static nature of traditional profit maximizing analysis and the analytical device of a representative firm.
Instead they both opt for a dynamic framework in which there is a key role for innovation. Differences emerge in terms of
the characteristics of individual firms that nurture the competitive struggle and are responsible for technical change.
The maturation process of a capitalist economy, whereby a natural progression will involve an increase in concentration, as
prescribed by Schumpeter and Steindl is also explored, as is criticism of their analyses. Finally the holistic approach to
competitive modelling, a legacy of these two economists, is expounded and challenges for the future identified. 相似文献
2.
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(2):131-145
In a recent paper, Matthias Kelm (1997) accepts that `Schumpeter's definition of evolution does not contain any Darwinian
mechanism such as natural selection or any other biological concept' and that Schumpeter `made no such attempt' to apply `Darwinian
theory to economic evolution'. However, Kelm goes on to argue that Schumpeter would have been a Darwinian if circumstances
were different. It is argued here that this contention is highly implausible because Schumpeter explicitly rejected biological
metaphors and analogies in economics. Furthermore, Schumpeter misunderstood Darwinism. In his attempt to `interpret' Schumpeter
as a Darwinian, Kelm himself misrepresents the three core principles of Darwinism. In addition Kelm's paper contains several
misunderstandings and misrepresentations of the assessment of Schumpeter made by Hodgson (1993). This present response concludes
that Schumpeter was indeed one of the greatest economists of the twentieth century and that he may legitimately be described
as an `evolutionary economist'. However, he cautioned strongly against the use of biological metaphors in economics and there
is no legitimate basis for describing his approach as Darwinian. 相似文献
3.
Alexander Ebner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):355-372
This essay addresses the historical and institutional aspects of Schumpeter's thought. It suggests that Schumpeter prepared
a pluralist research agenda, formulated in accordance with the conceptual perspective of the German Historical School, as
presented by major scholars such as Schmoller, Sombart, Spiethoff and Max Weber. Schumpeter's notion of development, with
its emphasis on the correspondence of economic and socio-cultural evolution, is therefore to be viewed in the context of the
comprehensive Schmollerian approach. Moreover the ethical-evolutionary components of Schmoller's ideas point at the vital
role of the German Historical School in the elaboration of a modern evolutionary economics in Schumpeterian terms. The essay
concludes that the Schmollerprogramm is going to inspire further developments in Schumpeterian economics, as the integration of theory and history continuously
marks the research agenda of evolutionary approaches to economic development. 相似文献
4.
John Foster 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):311-328
Post-Schumpeterians have tended to use biological analogies to understand economic evolution, in contrast to Schumpeter himself.
In this paper it is argued that the biological analogies used tend to be outdated and that Schumpeter espoused an intuitive
understanding of the evolutionary economic process that is closely related to modern conceptions of self-organisation, suitably
adapted for application in socioeconomic systems. Using a self-organisation approach, competition can be understood without
recourse to biological analogy, in terms of general systemic principles that operate in the presence of variety. Viewing economic
evolution in terms of complex adaptation in self-organising systems yields nonequilibrium and nonlinear perspectives that
parallel Schumpeter's own intuitions, reinvigorating them as the basis of evolutionary economic thinking in the new Millennium. 相似文献
5.
Bringing institutions into evolutionary growth theory 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Richard R. Nelson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):17-28
Classical economics was both evolutionary and institutional. With the rise of neoclassical economics, both the evolutionary
and the institutional aspects were squeezed out of main line economic theory. The last quarter century has seen a rebirth
of both traditions, but as minority intellectual positions, and to a considerable extent separate ones. This essay argues
the need for a rejoining of evolutionary and institutional economics, and suggests a way to bring the two strands together
in a coherent way. 相似文献
6.
Abstract. In this paper we look at unemployment as a phenomenon which reflects the co-ordination problems that characterize out-of-equilibrium
processes of adjustment. The analysis carried out shifts the focus from structural factors to the economic process. It shows
that unemployment cannot be satisfactorily explained – and policy interventions devised – by focusing only on specific characters
of the technology or confining the analysis to structural factors concerning the labour market. The co-ordination mechanisms
of adjustment processes rather than the fundamentals of the economy appear, in this light, as the main determinants of differences
in unemployment trends in different economies; and monetary policy comes back to the center of the stage as an essential element
of the working of these mechanisms.
RID="*"
ID="*" We thank anonymous referees for their very useful comments, and Elena Lega for the helpful support to the simulation
analysis carried out.
Correspondence to: J.-L. Gaffard 相似文献
7.
Consumption,preferences, and the evolutionary agenda 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
J.S. Metcalfe 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):37-58
The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary evolutionary account of preferences, consumption and demand. This is
particularly relevant for the study of innovation which offers consumers the opportunity to develop new behaviours. The paper
approaches this question in two stages. First it recognises the importance of time as well as income constraints on consumer
behaviour. Secondly, it develops a behavioural approach to consumption routines in terms of Herrnstein's concept of meloriation.
In this account the focus is upon activities for which commodities and time are inputs and, with innovation, time is rescheduled
on many fronts. Consumer learning is related to a replicator dynamic process. It is shown how changes in wages, prices and
the time required to consume influence the demand for activities. 相似文献
8.
J.S. Metcalfe 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):3-15
The central theme of this address is the complicated relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of knowledge.
This theme is explored with the help of a single concept “restless capitalism” which is used to capture the idea that capitalism
in equilibrium is a contradiction in terms precisely because the growth of knowledge cannot be meaningfully formulated as
the outcome of a constellation of equilibrating forces. This theme is explored through a discussion of growth accounting,
the relationship between innovation, markets and institutions and, as an example, the development of innovation in the field
of ophthalmology. We also discuss some pioneering contributions made by Simon Kuznets and Arthur Burns to the discussion of
evolutionary growth. From this Schumpeterian perspective we see the economy as an ensemble not an aggregate entity and so
see more clearly the importance of microdiversity in the relationship between growth of knowledge and growth of the economy. 相似文献
9.
Maria T. Brouwer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):83-105
This paper interprets the discussion on entrepreneurship and economic development that started off with Weber's papers on
the Protestant Ethic. Weber sought the reason for the relatively rapid growth of the Occident in the rational, Calvinist attitude
to life. Calvinism – in his view – exactly suited a society of free labourers, who were not tied to master and soil by extra-economic
considerations as in tribal and feudal societies. Schumpeter gave an alternative explanation, emphasizing the importance of
innovation and entrepreneurship. Knight, who stressed neither rationality nor innovation but uncertainty and perceptiveness
as the sole source of progress and profits, followed up German language writing on this subject. Only the investor who can
detect hitherto hidden qualities in people can gain. The paper demonstrates how these three authors influenced each other.
The debate between these three authors has raised many issues of governance and organization that feature contemporary thinking. 相似文献
10.
Peter Wynarczyk 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(3):329-341
The paper explores the contributions of Joseph Schumpeter and Albert Hirschman to our understanding of the dynamics of modern
democratic capitalist economies and suggests that much of their respective work displays intellectual overlap and complementarity.
It is primarily focused upon the role of economic and political processes as forces of change and adjustment and the necessary
degree of built-in inertia required to permit orderly rather than chaotic responses. 相似文献
11.
Optimal freeware quality in the presence of network externalities: an evolutionary game theoretical approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
New software products often face difficulty in achieving market penetration. A potential remedy is to offer a freeware version
of the software to encourage initial adoption and establish a larger user base for the software, thereby increasing the commercial
version's value to adopters in future periods. However, to avoid complete cannibalization of the commercial version, the freeware
version's quality must be sufficiently low and the price of the commercial version must not be too high. We model the effect
of these two decision variables, price and freeware quality, on the adoption of software using static and evolutionary game
theory. 相似文献
12.
Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy* 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
This paper explains how and why the developed countries are undergoing a fundamental shift away from a managed economy and
towards an entrepreneurial economy. This shift is shaping the development of western capitalism and has triggered a shift
in government policies away from constraining the freedom of business to contract through regulation, public ownership and
antitrust towards a new set of enabling policies which foster the creation and commercialization of new knowledge. The empirical
evidence from a cross-section of countries over time suggests that those countries that have experienced a greater shift from
the managed to the entrepreneurial economy have had lower levels of unemployment. 相似文献
13.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
14.
The paper reinterprets Schumpeter's views on the dynamic effects of taxation, as originally expressed in Crisis of the Tax State, from a Kaleckian perspective. In light of Schumpeter's rejection of Keynesian and Marshallian approaches to taxation, the
paper argues that a recently developed Kaleckian approach provides an appropriate basis from which to analyse the effects
on the business cycle of balanced changes in the structure of taxation. It is shown that, under certain shifting assumptions,
increases in the taxation of wages or profits will stimulate investment and attenuate the amplitude of the business cycle.
Ultimately, the shifting of taxes reduces to a conflict over income shares. The changing distribution of income in the United
Kingdom in recent years suggests that investment is likely to remain sluggish unless there is a significant reversal of income
shares. This may give rise to increasing economic and political tensions into the 21st century. 相似文献
15.
Evolutionary economics and economic geography 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
This article attempts to explore how key notions from Evolutionary Economics, such as selection, path-dependency, chance and increasing returns, may be applied to two key topics in Economic Geography. The first issue is the problem of how to specify the (potential)
impact of the spatial environment on new variety in terms of technological change. Evolutionary thinking may be useful to
describe and explain: (1) the process of localized `collective' learning in a regional context, (2) the adjustment problems
that regions may be confronted with in a world of increasing variation, and (3) the spatial formation of newly emerging industries
as an evolutionary process, in which the spatial connotation of increasing returns (that is, agglomeration economies) may result in a spatial lock-in. The second issue is the problem of how new variety may affect the long-term evolution of the spatial system. We distinguish
three approaches that, each in a different way, apply evolutionary notions to the nature of spatial evolution. This is strongly
related to the issue whether mechanisms of chance and increasing returns, rather than selection and path-dependency, lay at the root of the spatial evolution of new technology. 相似文献
16.
Barriers to knowledge spillovers and regional convergence in an evolutionary model 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
This paper will present a multi-region/multi-country model in which inter-regional knowledge spillovers determine the growth
of regions. Key parameters in the model are the learning capability of a region and the rate of knowledge generation (R&D).
The intensity of spillovers depends on geographical distance between regions. The model is investigated by means of simulation
techniques. What results is a core-periphery situation, the exact form of which depends on the assumed spatial structure.
The impact of economic integration is investigated by introducing barriers-to-knowledge-spillovers in the model in the form
of borders between countries. Contrary to the popular belief and some economic theories, we find that removing such spillover
barriers may result in larger disparity of income levels between regions. 相似文献
17.
William Kingston 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(1-2):83-108
Individual property rights are fruitful for economic development because they civilise self-interest by forcing it to serve
the common good. The history of previous property rights “cycles,” however, shows that their ability to do this deterioriates
over time because the laws of property fall under the control of those whom property is meant to discipline. Irresponsible
ownership then intensifies inequality until a breaking point is reached. The present cycle is no exception, but its breaking
point has been postponed by the growth of the democratically-inspired welfare state.
Globalisation is now eroding the financial basis of this, because mobile capital can escape taxation, leaving labour to carry
the burden. The main thrust of this movement is now found in the World Trade Organisation, whose control of intellectual property
and commitment to free trade in money as well as goods, can only increase inequality between countries as well as within them.
It represents individual property rights which are out of any form of social control, since there is no global mechanism for civilising self-interest. Schumpeter's sense of the impending demise of capitalism, if not of its replacement
by socialism, may yet be vindicated. 相似文献
18.
Esben Sloth Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):143-164
This paper presents the problem of satiation of consumption and technology in relation to a model of evolutionary endogenous
growth. The model represents an attempt to provide an evolutionary economic micro foundation to Pasinetti's scheme of the
structural economic dynamics of an economy that is based on only labour and knowledge. The micro foundation is based on a
set of rules that makes endogenous the demand coefficients, the labour coefficients, and the number of available sectors.
Through process innovations firms increase their productivities with respect to individual goods, but a growth slowdown takes
place unless the benefits from specialisation are exploited at still higher levels. Another cause for slowdown is related
to an Engelian hierarchy of goods. As the standard of living grows, existing sectors and consumption goods satiate, so new
sectors need to be provided by product innovations in a sufficient pace to keep up with the labour that is displaced from
old sectors. 相似文献
19.
Pontus Braunerhjelm Bo Carlsson Dilek Cetindamar Dan Johansson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):471-488
This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar
size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.
Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources
of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size,
level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple
of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?
Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key
to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion
addresses these issues. 相似文献
20.
Adrian E. Tschoegl 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(3):359-384
Abstract. The system of denominations of US coins, which the paper treats as a quasi-genetic trait of the US monetary system, has not
been constant since inception but rather has evolved over time in the sense of being subject to innovation and selection.
However, all the innovations have disappeared, as have a number of the original denominations. Abstract theories of optimal
systems of denominations provide a good explanation of one selection factor, but other important influences include limiting
the number of separate denominations and accommodating the requirements of decimal counting. However, even some innovations
that ultimately disappeared survived for decades. 相似文献