金融自由化的异质影响研究——基于TFP增长率的视角

已有研究对金融自由化内涵的界定十分混乱,不同研究使用不同维度金融自由化作为总体金融自由化的代理变量,这种混淆不同层次、不同内涵金融自由化的做法,造成有关金融自由化与经济效率或经济增长研究结论的巨大争议。本文明确区分了总体和七个维度金融自由化,实证发现总体金融自由化对全要素生产率(TFP)增长率具有显著的正向影响,但不同维度的金融自由化对TFP增长率的影响具有异质性。利率市场化和银行业私有化对TFP增长率具有显著的负向影响,资本账户开放和证券市场自由化对TFP增长率具有显著的正向影响,降低信贷控制和法定准备金要求、放松银行业进入壁垒和加强银行业监管对TFP增长率不具有显著影响。研究表明,忽视不同维度金融自由化的异质影响、或以单一维度金融自由化代理总体金融自由化,都难以准确、全面揭示金融自由化对经济效率和经济增长的影响,这也是现有文献研究结论大相径庭的重要原因。     

货币政策、金融周期及其宏观经济效应

本文综合金融市场的多维信息,利用主成分分析法合成我国的金融周期指数。在此基础上,构建TVP SV VAR模型研究2003—2017年间我国货币政策、金融周期及宏观经济变量间的时变互动关系。研究发现：（1）我国货币政策、金融周期和宏观经济变量之间存在显著的时变互动关系。（2）金融传导渠道可能扭曲货币政策效力,通过金融传导渠道,货币政策不仅会抑制经济增长,还可能加剧通货膨胀。（3）金融周期对货币政策产出效应的影响滞后于对价格效应的影响。短期来看,货币政策产出效应的时变特征与金融传导渠道无太大关联,但随时间推移,金融繁荣对产出的负面影响可能最终使货币政策产出效应发生反转。货币当局应警惕金融繁荣对货币政策效力的扭曲,审慎操作,且不宜承担过多刺激产出的任务。     

自由与制度关系角度反思全球性金融危机

为了深入探究全球性金融危机的根本原因并对转型的中国经济以有益的启示,在自由与制度辨证关系的基础上提出金融自由化的本质是自由与制度结合的理论观点。在这个观点的基础上提出金融危机是“错误金融自由化”的假说,并以理论和实际数据验证这个假说。验证的结论是,此次源于美国的全球性金融危机是错误金融自由化的结果,而非金融自由化制度的问题。     

货币政策的产出效应与金融开放度——中国的模拟实证分析

本文通过构建包含金融交易成本的货币政策产出效应模型,研究金融开放度对货币政策有效性的作用。然后,根据中国的实际经济情况,运用校准法模拟金融开放程度对我国货币政策产出效应的影响。最后,利用面板数据进行实证分析,认为金融开放度的增加短期内将削弱货币政策对产出的影响,但从长期来看,金融开放度的提高将对长期产出调整起积极作用。     

金融自由化、经济转轨与农民相对贫困的恶化

金融自由化通过如下机制影响农民相对收入水平:经济增长、金融服务、金融发展和金融危机。转轨经济的特殊性使上述4个渠道都使农民相对收入增长受到不利影响。经济增长的再分配效应是不确定的。在转轨过程中,国有经济和国有银行从农村地区大规模撤退,减少了农民的金融机会和金融服务。在金融发展过程中,农民分享经济增长和金融发展外部性的难度提高。金融危机的再分配效应更是不利于农民。综合效应是,伴随金融自由化的推进,农民金融机会集合变窄,城乡收入差距快速扩大。     

金融自由化与我国的金融稳定

金融自由化在改善金融制度,推进经济发展的同时,也导致了金融秩序动荡,进而引发金融危机。文章分析了金融自由化与美国金融危机的相互关系,阐述了金融自由化对我国金融稳定造成的消极影响,并提出保障金融稳定的若干政策措施。     

论应对金融危机的反金融自由化政策

我们根据购买力平价论和利率平价论得出一个新的汇率公式,并将其代入蒙代尔—弗莱明模型进行分析。通过分析我们认为,通过反金融自由化政策能有效地规避金融危机;同时我们还认为,在应对金融危机方面,这种反金融自由化政策的制度化和国际化,应成为国际金融体系改革的一个方向。     

中国金融改革的理论思考

自７０ 年代以来, 金融自由化就逐渐被一些发展中国家作为解除金融压制的主流金融政策。到８０ 年代这一趋势更是形成了高潮。然而实践的结果是： 通过提高金融体系效率以更好地促进经济发展的同时, 也加大了这些国家金融业的风险。本文以为： 金融自由化作为金融深化的较高层次, 其本身是没有错误可言。关键在于金融自由化这一政策框架有没有相对应的微观主体（ 主要指市场经济下的成熟经济机构） , 以及引导政府和微观主体据以调整自己行为的充分信息。而这两点是许多发展中国家所缺乏的。基于此, 本文第三部分比较了金融化的两种方案：金融自由化和金融约束。提出金融约束是我国解除金融压制现象和抑制经济气泡生成较为合适的方案。本文第四部分通过对金融约束和金融深化辩证运动过程的分析, 提出微观金融主体为了弥补金融约束导致的成本而进行的金融创新, 是推动我国金融制度发展的根本动力。最后一部分是本文的结论。     

金融开放、金融摩擦与中国宏观经济波动

本文将金融摩擦及金融开放程度差异纳入开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型,量化分析我国金融开放程度与宏观经济波动之间的关系。研究发现：金融开放程度与产出波动呈现U形非线性关系,金融摩擦是使得产出波动出现拐点的关键;随着金融摩擦程度的减小,越大程度的金融开放越有利于宏观经济稳定;外国冲击与金融摩擦的相互作用是决定产出波动非线性变化的关键;福利分析显示金融开放可增进福利,但更强的外国冲击则可能逆转福利效应。     

财政政策产出非对称性效应研究——基于金融周期视角

尽管财政政策的产出效应在不同金融周期条件下可能存在非对称性，但国内仍缺乏相关实证研究。基于此本文运用平滑转移向量自回归(STVAR)模型实证分析了1996Q1—2019Q4我国财政总量支出与财政分类支出在金融周期不同阶段的产出效应，并就我国财政政策的金融周期特征进行了识别。结果发现：与金融繁荣阶段相比，财政总量支出与财政分量支出的产出效应在金融衰退阶段更强；在金融繁荣阶段，财政分量支出的产出效应为负；财政投资支出的产出效应要大于财政消费支出；我国财政政策不论是在全国层面还是省级层面均表现出明显的顺金融周期特征。有鉴于此，逆金融周期的财政调节与合理的财政支出结构，有助于财政当局提高财政资金的配置效率与财政政策的实施效果。     

The role of the financial system in the growth–inflation link: the OECD experience

This paper jointly estimates the effects of financial development and inflation on growth using both cross-section and time-series dimensions of the data on inflation, growth, and some banking and stock market indicators over the period 1961–1993 for a sample of OECD countries. Overall, the results indicate, first, that the long-run costs of inflation are not explained by policies of financial repression and, second, that if inflation affects growth through its interaction with financial market conditions, this is not the only (nor the most important) channel.     

Credit rationing and capital accumulation with investment and consumption loans revisited

A simple model is developed to evaluate the roles of credit rationing and government policies of financial repression in the process of capital accumulation. In the model, credit rationing on both investment and consumption loans decreases as capital accumulates but increases as the government imposes policies of financial repression to a greater extent. While a reduction in credit rationing on consumption loans impedes capital accumulation, such a reduction on investment loans facilitates it. We find that developing countries may be trapped at a low-capital-stock steady state while developed countries converge to a high-capital-stock steady state. Instead of adopting policies of financial liberalization, interestingly, this paper finds that policies of financial repression may enable developing countries to escape the development trap.     

Are there different linkages of foreign capital inflows and the current account between industrial countries and emerging markets?

This article investigates the causal relationship between the current account and foreign capital inflows on two groups of countries, industrial countries (ICs) and emerging markets (EMs), during the time period of 1987?C2006. Apart from including three sets of control variables (macroeconomic, financial, and institutional) in the regression to avoid omitted variable bias, we additionally examine whether there is a disparate interaction between gross capital inflows and the current account and between net foreign inflows and the current account. Our empirical results show that for EMs, it is mostly true that foreign capital inflow Granger causes the current account, while for ICs, it is the other way around for causality although when using gross foreign capital inflows, there is less evidence of causality detected. We also find that for EMs, after the 1997?C1998 currency crises, capital inflows change the nature of their effects on the current account, particularly for Asian EMs.     

The Savings Ratio and Financial Repression in Trinidad and Tobago *

This paper investigates the hypothesis financial repression in the context of the Determinates of the private savings ratio in Trinidad and Tobago, using the Multivariate, cointegration time-series methodology. Four alternative proxies are Used to represent financial repression, including the real interest rate, the real interest Rate differential between the world and domestic economy and two alternative Measures of exchange rate misalignment, We find that there is strong evidence to Support the hypothesis of financial repression in Trinidad and Tobago over the sample Period and that financial liberalization may significantly enhance the growth of real Per capita income. [E2, F4, O1]     

Financial Liberalization and Inflationary Dynamics: An Open Economy Analysis

Abstract

This paper analyzes the effects of financial liberalization on inflation. We develop an open economy monetary endogenous growth general equilibrium model, with financial intermediaries subjected to obligatory ‘high’ reserve ratio, serving as the source of financial repression. When calibrated to four Southern European semi-industrialized countries, namely Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, which typically had high reserve requirements, the model indicates a positive inflation–financial repression relationship irrespective of the specification of preferences. But the strength of the relationship obtained from the model is found to be much smaller in size than the corresponding empirical estimates.     

金融发展与经济增长——基于1952-2007年中国数据的再检验

本文分别以金融抑制论和金融结构论为指导,根据中国的实际情况,建立数学模型,进行多元回归分析,并利用VAR因果关系检验和方差分解探索中国金融发展与经济增长之间的关系.结论表明:(1)无论是金融抑制论还是金融结构论,金融发展与经济增长之间存在显著的正相关;(2)对于模型1来说,金融发展与经济增长存在单向因果关系,属于需求追随型;而模型2并没有显示金融发展与经济增长存在明显的因果关系,以银行为主导的金融结构通过内在传导机制对经济增长产生影响;(3)从金融发展对经济波动解释的力度来看,金融抑制论对解释金融发展与经济增长之间的关系比较弱,而金融结构论对经济增长的解释力要强.因此,在强调市场对金融资源优化配置的同时,更加关注以银行业为主导的金融机构改革,理顺金融发展与经济增长内在机制,以实现金融发展与经济增长相互促进、共同发展的目标.     

The dynamics of financial development,globalisation, economic growth and life expectancy in sub‐Saharan Africa

The importance of life expectancy is recognised in the development economics literature because of its increasing effects on labour productivity and economic growth in long‐run. However, no published study to date empirically examines the nonlinear relationships between globalisation, financial development, economic growth and life expectancy in sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. Therefore, our study intends to fill this gap by using non‐parametric cointegration test and multivariate Granger causality test towards a non‐linear empirical understanding of the factors affecting the life expectancy. We consider the case of 16 sub‐Saharan African economies using annual data over the period 1970–2012. The empirical analysis indicates that financial development, globalisation and economic growth appear to have a positive impact upon life expectancy in sub‐Saharan African economies, except for Gabon and Togo. Our empirical findings may provide insightful policy implications towards improving population health conditions which are vital for promoting the productivity of labour force and long‐run economic growth in sub‐Saharan African countries. In light of these policy implications, governments should incorporate globalisation, financial development and economic growth as key economic instruments in formulating sustainable developmental policy to promote life expectancy for the people in sub‐Saharan African countries.     

Productivity drivers of infrastructure companies: Network industries utilizing economies of scale in the digital era

What drives the productivity dynamics of infrastructure companies? Using a panel of firms in 14 countries, we study total factor productivity (TFP) enhancers of utility and network services companies. We find that moving TFP closer to the technological frontier drives productivity growth at higher speeds in Asian countries than in European countries. We also find that financial leverage exerts a positive effect on TFP growth for larger infrastructure firms and that more financially developed countries utilize economies of scale through better use of financial resources. Large utility and transportation companies display a higher rate of TFP growth, indicating that a competition policy to encourage M&As would be prudent for the utility/transportation sectors to maximize economies of scale. In contrast, we find diseconomies of scale for energy companies in some countries. Moreover, young network firms improve TFP growth faster than their peers in countries with fewer product market regulations. Therefore, policies should remove entry barriers while facilitating the departure of old and low-productivity firms from network markets. Finally, policymakers should offer well-targeted fiscal incentives for intangible investments to boost TFP because the accumulation of intangible assets such as digital technology promotes more scale economies through network effects.     

Inflation and public debt reversals in advanced economies

This paper quantitatively assesses the effects of inflation shocks on the public debt-to-GDP ratio in 19 advanced economies using simulation and estimation approaches. The simulations suggest that 1 percentage point shock to the inflation rate can reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio by about 0.7 percentage points on average across countries, while the estimated impulse responses are a little larger and more persistent. Additional assumptions taking into account financial repression do not necessarily make these effects substantially larger. These results imply that modestly higher inflation, even if accompanied by some financial repression, could reduce the public debt burden only marginally.     

Institutions and the financial development–economic growth nexus in sub-Saharan Africa

Using a sample splitting approach that does not impose an exogenous quadratic term, we examine the effect of financial development on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa by allowing the link to be mediated by the level of institutions. Our findings reveal a disproportionate growth-enhancing effect of finance, given countries’ distinct level of institutional quality. More specifically, when the International Country Risk Guide-based measure of institutions is used as the threshold variable, below the optimal level of institutional quality, financial development does not significantly promote economic growth. For countries with institutional quality above the threshold, higher finance is associated with growth. However, when institutions are measured by World Governance Indicators proxy, we find a significant effect of financial development, irrespective of whether a country is below or above the threshold. Interestingly, the growth-enhancing effect of finance is greater for low-institution countries relative to high-institution countries. Thus, through its ability to provide some crucial roles, the well-developed financial sector may also perform the function of sound institutions in influencing economic growth.