Unemployment, Real Wages and the Money Supply in Australia*

Many observers have attributed the high unemployment experienced in Australia in the 1970s to the rises in real wages which have occurred in the decade. An alternative or additional hypothesis is that unemployment has resulted from policy directed at controlling inflation and that this has been exacerbated by the occurrence of adverse external factors, particularly bul not solely the oil price shocks, which have made inflation more difficult than otherwise to control .
The results of econometric tests suggest that a significant portion of fluctuations in the unemployment rate can be explained by real wage movements, and as well monetary policy through its effects on the real money supply also seems to affect unemployment. Both real wage rises and monetary restrictions appear to have contributed to the jump in unemployment in 1974–75, and since then the continuing high and rising unemployment rate is closely associated with the low growth rate of the real money supply .     

Benefit-induced female sole parenthood in Australia, 1973-85

The supporting mothers' benefit, introduced into Australia's Social Security Act in 1973, made nonwidowed single mothers eligible for direct Commonwealth transfer payments after a 6 month waiting period from date of separation or birth. The number of sole parent beneficiaries reached 176,730 by 1986, with an annual outlay of over US$1.3 billion. In essence, the supporting parents' benefits program legitimizes and facilitates pursuing a career as a single parent. Econometric estimates of the effects of economic and program-related variables on the benefits participation rates of Australian women during the 1973-86 period suggest that the program has had a substantial effect on several margins of individual choice. The outcome for the individual depends on economic, preference, and demographic variables for individuals, their potential or actual spouses, grandparents, and the benefits and eligibility characteristics of the government's parenting support system. In specifying a female sole parent supply function, the appropriate dependent variable is the female beneficiary participation rate--the number of supporting mother beneficiaries as a percentage of the population aged 15 years and over. Time series analysis suggests that, while the eligible population of lone females heading income units was growing before the 1973 introduction of the benefit scheme, there was also a substantial rise in this eligible population after 1973. However, this rise was less than the rise in female supporting parent beneficiaries between 1974-84. It appears that the female beneficiary rate has increased both because the eligible population of lone females heading income units increased in total and as a proportion of the female population and because of an increase in the benefit participation of those eligible. The data further provide evidence of relative wage and discouraged worker effects; coefficients of the weekly real value of benefits and supplementary assistance relative to female wages and the lagged female unemployment rate are positive.     

The trend of welfare disparity among subgroups of population in Australia 1983-1984 - 1993-1994

The aim of this paper is to estimate the trend of social welfare for Australia using 1983–1984, 1988–1989 and 1993–1994 Household Expenditure Survey data. The functional form of the Social Welfare Function (SWF) was derived by Sen, Degum, Yitzhaki and Shesinski (all independently). Since the function contains the Gini coefficient as the inequality parameter, it could not be formally disaggregated by subgroups of population. This paper, using a method of subgroup decomposition of the Gini coefficient developed by Podder, attempts to disaggregate the SWF. With this method it is now possible to identify disadvantaged groups by their relative shares in total welfare. In addition the method is used to determine effect of economic growth on specific subgroups, and in turn, on total social welfare. This study is based on the Australian economy. Distribution of relative shares of total social welfare among various regional groups are identified, groups determined by occupational status and groups determined by country of birth. The effect on society's welfare for a percentage change in income of a group and the trend of relative welfare of a specific group are also computed. This information can be used in a variety of social decision making situations, including cost benefit analysis.     

Prospects for the Australian Economy in 1984*

Recent economic developments provide the backdrop against which Australia's economic prospects in 1984 are examined. Factors which will contribute to a mild recovery are identified. It is argued that the fiscal stimulus of the 1983 budget could, via the discretionary component, have been even larger without causing a serious monetary or balance of payments problem. This view partly rests on the maintenance of the prices and incomes Accord which, it is suggested, will need to be reinforced by changes to taxation scales in 1984. However, even if employment grows strongly, unemployment will remain at high levels in 1984.     

财政赤字与货币供给——来自中国的经验证据(1978-2003)

在探讨我国财政赤字影响货币供给的传导机制的基础上,通过5变量系统检验1978-2003年我国财政赤字与货币供给的关系.实证结果显示,赤字水平、实际GDP、名义利率和通货膨胀率都是货币供给(M1)的决定因素.由于货币供给受包括赤字在内的多种因素的影响而变得不稳定和难以预测,我国反周期性和内生性的货币供给政策的有效性受到影响.同时指出了相应的政策含义     

The Long Run Demand for Broad Money in Australia Subject to Regime Shifts

The goal is to determine if there is a stable Broad Money demand relationship for Australia. Previous studies have not reached a consensus on this important issue, partly because the time series techniques used do not accommodate structural breaks. A standard multivariate cointegration analysis is conducted on monthly data over the period 1976(3) to 1998(4). It reveals some evidence for the presence of cointegration since one cointegrating vector is found. This involves broad money, the spread between interest on broad money and on non-money assets and real GDP. The evidence of cointegration is again present when a structural break is found in the relationship using Gregory and Hansen (GH) methodology. This occurs in 1991 coinciding with a deep recession and policy induced, interest rate reductions. The income elasticity of demand exceeds one, reacts positively to the interest spread and negatively to inflation.     

中国货币供应量的产出、通货膨胀效应实证分析

采用中国1978～2008年的年度数据,运用VAR模型实证分析中国货币供应量政策对总产出和通货膨胀的效应。主要进行了脉冲反应分析和方差分解分析,并结合中国货币供应量政策的特点,得出以下结论:(1)中国货币政策在短期内对产出有影响,在长期是中性的;(2)货币供应量无论在长期还是短期内都对物价具有系统性影响;(3)中国货币政策有效,但效果有限;(4)中国货币供应量受到物价和产出变动一定的影响,即货币供给具有一定内生性。     

货币供给内生外生辨析

货币供给究竟是内生的还是外生的,这是货币金融领域始终争论不休的问题。货币数量论从货币数量与物价变动的关系得出货币具有外生性;凯恩斯的货币供给观由于经济环境的改变经历了由内生向外生的转变;后凯恩斯主义者则从信贷货币的产生过程得出货币内生的观点.综观货币发展史,内生与外生之争还有标准的混乱和概念不同等原因。     

论开放经济下的货币供给与国际收支

从开放经济下的宏观经济总量的关系入手，分析开放经济条件下的国际收支和货币供给关系，并在此基础上，对开放经济对我国转轨经济时期的货币政策框架影响进行分析探讨。     

电子货币的替代效应与交易性货币供给:基于中国数据的实证分析

电子货币的产生与发展已经给传统的货币金融理论带来了前所未有的挑战.以电子货币为视角,通过对电子货币与交易性货币供给的相关性进行统计检验,结果表明: (1)电子货币对交易性货币有着明显的替代效应,它不仅改变了货币供给结构,而且给传统货币层次划分方法带来了新的挑战; (2)电子货币对传统货币的替代有着明显的阶段性特征; (3)电子货币的存在削弱了中央银行对基础货币的控制能力,弱化了货币供应量作为货币政策中介目标的效果,从而影响了货币政策的有效性.     

货币供给的内生性与货币政策的效率——兼评我国当前货币政策的有效性

货币内生性理论指出公众的货币需求会直接影响中央银行的货币供给。因此 ,公众通过调整货币需求可以对中央银行的货币政策效果产生不确定的影响。本文利用货币内生性理论来分析公众行为对中央银行为稳定物价水平而采取的政策效果的影响 ;并通过实证分析证实我国M2 的供给有较强的内生性 ;我国货币政策在治理通货膨胀和通货紧缩的效果上存在着不对称性 ,以此可重新认识我国当前通货政策的有效性。     

Industrial Relations Reform in Australia: Causes, Consequences and Prospects

This article reviews Australia's experience with industrial relations reform since the late 1980s. The key conclusion is that claims made about both the costs and benefits of reform have been exaggerated.