货币政策组合规则

本文建议在泡沫高涨时将货币政策由利率规则转为货币量规则。在本文设定的CIA模型经济中，外生泡沫通过金融渠道对经济发生影响。本文证实，即使是遵循了泰勒原则的利率规则也会因为对融资活动的增长提供相应的货币支持而实际上起到助长泡沫经济的作用；而货币量规则由于对货币供应的控制而能起到缩短并稳定泡沫经济影响的效果。本文的模拟实验表明，在大型泡沫经济中将利率规则与货币量规则组合使用能取得更好的宏观经济成果。同时，将不同规则进行组合使用的思想在货币政策的研究中是新颖的，本文还发展了模型对接的技术处理方法。     

经济泡沫向泡沫经济的演变机理

本文在对经济泡沫和泡沫经济界定的基础上,借助于IS-LM模型,分析了非理性经济泡沫对IS曲线、LM曲线、国民收入和利率水平的影响以及经济泡沫向泡沫经济的演变机理,作者认为,泡沫经济虽然不能脱离局部的经济泡沫而孤立地存在,但如果没有货币管理当局货币政策上的失误,泡沫经济是不大可能出现的。     

一般均衡中的利率、确定性与最优规则

利率规则理论是以短期利率作为货币政策工具而发展起来的一套新的理论,它体现了货币经济学家在货币政策领域内的新的尝试和努力。在利率规则理论中,货币经济学家试图解决两个问题:利率规则冲击对非政策经济变量的短期影响是什么,以及一个好的利率规则应当具有怎样的性质。利率规则将短期利率作为非政策经济变量的内生反应函数,使得货币经济学家可以在一般均衡模型中探讨这两个问题。然而,由于利率规则从一开始就是出于一种偏好的设定,因此,讨论的结果并不符合稳健性和科学性的要求,这就削弱了理论预言的可靠性。在某种意义上,利率规则理论若想成为一门真正的"科学的艺术",它就必须为内生利率规则寻找到一个坚固的微观基础。本文梳理评述了利率规则理论在经验上和理论上的成就和不足。     

中国货币政策调控转型研究——基于BVAR模型的分析

在金融创新和金融脱媒的冲击下,货币数量作为中介目标的局限性越来越明显,但是由于金融市场仍不发达等原因,完全基于价格型的货币政策调控又不可能一蹴而就,那么究竟应如何实行货币政策调控就成为中国人民银行面临的重大现实挑战。本文采取BVAR模型来对这一问题进行探讨,基于新凯恩斯主义理论对模型中参数施加先验约束,利用现实经济数据得到参数的后验分布,结果发现：第一,在货币政策利率规则中应包含名义货币增长率;第二,在总需求方程中,除了包含实际利率外,还应包含实际货币增长率;第三,紧缩性货币政策冲击不只体现为名义利率的上升,更为突出地体现为名义货币增长率持续的下降;第四,当模型中包含货币量时,货币政策冲击对于通胀率和产出变动的影响更大。这些结果表明了在货币政策的利率传导机制外,还存在货币政策通过货币量进行传导;货币政策立场的变动不只体现在利率的变化上,而更为突出地体现在货币量的变化上。因此,数量与价格相结合的混合型货币政策调控方式适合转型期的中国经济。     

我国利率政策规则的传导渠道

随着利率市场化改革的进一步实施,利率规则在经济发展中的作用和地位日益凸显.本文当前经济形势,通过建立SVAR模型从实际数据中验证货币政策传导机制对经济产出的影响,研究得出在"新常态"经济背景下,利率规则的货币需求渠道、财政渠道和信贷渠道的确存在.     

货币模型中时间偏好与经济稳定性的分析

传统经济理论假设经济人是完全理性的,具有完备记忆、稳定的偏好,然而这样的理性假设实际上超越了人的内在特性。本文建立了一个货币管理机构采取利率反馈规则的货币模型,并假定个体的时间偏好依赖于整个经济的收入、平均消费和货币量,运用动态法研究了具有社会属性的时间偏好是如何影响经济长期均衡处的稳定性的。结论是异质的时间偏好对于货币政策的实现效果起着重要作用,不同的货币政策会对市场能否恢复到均衡状态产生影响。只有当个体的效用函数满足本文给出的充分条件时,调节利率的经济政策才不会对均衡处的稳定性产生影响,否则政策会失效甚至起到副作用。     

1996-2013年我国真实利率的界定及测度

本文将真实利率界定为一个具有内生的基本变动趋势的利率,而这种趋势可能受来自货币市场和产品市场两个方面的冲击而发生改变。结合泰勒规则对真实利率进行了测度,认为这是一个能反映我国经济真实运行情况的利率,可以作为制定货币政策的参考标准。     

基于SVAR模型的货币政策对信贷规模的影响分析

货币政策的目标包括货币量目标和利率目标.在考察货币政策的信贷渠道机制上,本文对1999年1月-20l0年6月货币量和利率对信贷规模的影响进行分时段分析.SVAR模型的估计结果显示,货币总量的效果比利率的效果更加显著,加入货币总量后,对信贷规模变动情况的解释力提高,银行信贷对利率的敏感性呈现显著提升.因此,我国货币政策操作应逐渐依靠利率引导,淡出总量调控,从而规避总量调控带来的流动性过剩和通货膨胀等负效应.     

货币政策规则选择:一种股票市场的视角

股票市场发展表明,金融资产价格应成为物价总水平题中应有之义,而货币供给M1则不再是理想的货币政策中介目标。据此对三种主要的货币政策规则进行比较研究发现,中国的选择应以泰勒规则为框架,加大股票市场对一般物价水平影响的研究和积极推进利率改革,以早日实现利率市场化。     

中国货币需求稳定性的实证研究--基于1994-2005年的协整分析

本文以经济改革和金融发展为背景,从经典货币需求理论分析出发,运用协整检验和误差校正模型对我国货币需求的稳定性问题展开研究.分析结果显示,货币需求、国民收入、利率和通货膨胀率之间存在协整关系;我国货币需求主要受收入因素影响而呈现出长期稳定性特征,长期稳定的货币需求对其即期增长的抑制作用不明显,货币需求函数表现出高收入弹性和低利率弹性,而利率的外生性削弱了货币需求对利率的调节作用;基于VEC模型的短期Granger因果检验,支持货币量、利率和货币政策最终目标之间短期均衡关系的存在.     

Near-zero U.S. Interest Rates,Primary Commodity Prices,and Financial Control in Emerging Markets

The U.S. Federal Reserve's monetary policy at the center of the world dollar standard has a first-order impact on global financial stability. However, except in moments of international crises, the Fed focuses inward on domestic American economic indicators and generally ignores collateral damage from its monetary policies in the rest of the world. But this makes the U.S. economy less stable. Currently, ultra-low interest rates on dollar assets ignite waves of hot money into emerging markets by carry traders that generate bubbles in international primary commodity prices and other assets. These bubbles burst when some accident at the center, such as a banking crisis, causes a reflux of the hot money. Ironically, these near-zero interest rates hold back investment in the American economy itself.     

Money growth rules and price level determinacy

Do exogenous money growth rules produce price level determinacy? This is a classic topic in monetary theory. This paper contributes to this literature by examining the effect of money demand timing. The paper demonstrates how conditions for determinacy vary depending upon whether the theoretical model uses “cash-in-advance” timing or “cash-when-I'm-done” timing. This issue is addressed in an endowment economy and a standard production economy.     

Fiat money and the value of binding portfolio constraints

We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the individual optimality of a consumption-portfolio plan in an infinite horizon economy where agents are uniformly impatient and fiat money is the only asset available for intertemporal transfers of wealth. Next, we show that fiat money has a positive equilibrium price if and only if for some agent the zero short sale constraint is binding and has a positive shadow price (now or in the future). As there is always an agent that is long, it follows that marginal rates of intertemporal substitution never coincide across agents. That is, monetary equilibria are never full Pareto efficient. We also give a counter-example illustrating the occurrence of monetary bubbles under incomplete markets in the absence of uniform impatience.     

Exchange rate fluctuations in an economy with noise traders

This paper analyzes the stability of the exchange rate in an economy with noise traders. Noise trading is restricted to agents investing in the domestic stock market. The agents pricing foreign exchange hold rational expectations. Monetary policy is affected by the behavior of investors in the domestic stock market and in turn affects fundamental stock evaluations as well as noise trading. We show that when monetary policy affects only fundamentalists bifurcation appears in the exchange rate. When monetary policy also affects noise trading, fixing the exchange rate or switching to a low money growth rule imply stock bubbles converge to zero.     

混沌理论在我国货币政策制定和执行中的应用

我国货币政策环境可视作混沌的复杂系统。混沌理论表明,系统在时空上的复杂结构通常隐含着简单的决定性准则,一旦这样的准则被发现,管理当局则可以观察或者控制系统内部的复杂状况,以达到预期目标。运用于货币政策的混沌理论,是指将货币政策环境看作是具有高度复杂性和长期行为不可预测性的混沌系统,其中必然隐含着复杂系统内普遍适用的简单决定性准则。如果我们掌握并始终遵循这一准则,就可以观察并控制货币政策环境这一复杂混沌系统,使货币政策目标向预期的方向发展。     

A Poole Analysis in the New Open Economy Macroeconomic Framework*

This paper evaluates simple monetary policy rules in the tradition of the Poole analysis within a general two‐country model for a large economy and a small open economy. The results for the large economy resemble those of the original Poole scenario and also extend to the welfare measure. In particular, an interest rate rule is preferable to a money supply rule when liquidity shocks dominate, whereas a money supply rule fares better with real shocks. For the small open economy, the stabilization properties of the large‐economy case continue to hold for domestic shocks, but a money supply rule performs better than an interest rate rule using the welfare measure. If shocks originate in the foreign economy, a money supply rule turns out to be superior both in terms of its stabilization properties as well as in terms of welfare.     

Optimal Weights in a Check-List of Monetary Indicators*

A stylized representation of the check-list approach to monetary policy is developed. In order to examine this approach in a formal framework the literature on optimal money supply rules is extended with the check-list being interpreted as an optimal money supply rule that depends on many variables and attempts to keep the economy on a preplanned path despite unexpected shocks. The strengths and weaknesses of the check-list approach are then examined     

Disinflation costs in China and monetary policy regimes

This paper investigates the real effects of a disinflationary policy in China, in which we conduct a disinflation experiment in a medium-scale New Keynesian model. We highlight two key features of China's economy: the relevance of money to monetary policy rules and household inequality. For the former, we consider two monetary policy regimes: an expanded Taylor rule with money and a money supply rule. For the latter, we take into account a share of the population that is limited in its ability to participate in assets markets. Our analysis suggests that a disinflation policy is more costly when the central bank controls the money supply than the case in which the nominal interest rate is the policy instrument. Our results are driven by the different impacts of disinflation on nominal and real interest rates under the two regimes.     

Sharing Money Creation in a Monetary Union*

How to share money creation among the members of the European Monetary Union? To address this issue, we construct a two‐country New Open‐economy Macroeconomics model of an asymmetric monetary union with an incomplete financial market and home bias in consumption. We consider two sharing rules consistent with the current regulations of the European System of Central Banks. First, each participating National Central Bank supplies half of the European Central Bank determined money creation in the monetary union. Secondly, each National Central Bank adapts the national increase in money demand, under the constraint that the total money creation in the union does not exceed the level determined by the ECB for the whole union. We show that the current sharing rule, which ignores countries’ heterogeneity, is superior in terms of welfare. The key role of the current account is emphasized. It proves an efficient decentralized mechanism for allocation of money.