Fatal violence among children under 15 years in four cities of South Africa, 2001-2005

Homicide rates for South African children were estimated at double the global average in 2000. This article presents a secondary data analysis of the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS), with full coverage in four major metropolitan cities. Child homicide rates for 2001-2005 were calculated within the 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 year age groups. The homicide rates were similar to the global pattern, with higher rates for boys, and among children aged 0-4 years than for older children. Poisson regression, accounting for city level clustering, was used to investigate age, sex and period effects in the homicide rate. The model indicated that the gender difference was more marked in the 10-14 year age groups (RR?=?2.17; 95% CI 1.97-2.38) than in the 5-9 year (RR?=?1.43; 95% CI 1.27-1.62) with the 0-4 year age group in-between (RR?=?1.80; 95% CI 1.55-2.10). These data confirm previous observations that fatal violence among children is a public health concern, but, given the high rates of homicide among South African adults and other competing public health problems, it is difficult to motivate for action to address the issue of violence against children. Nonetheless, there are sufficient indications that efforts to reduce childhood violence are urgently needed.     

中国城镇居民的住房支付能力：1991—2005

我国早有关于住房支付能力的讨论，以世界银行1992年的著作作为我国使用房价收入比概念起点的观点不合史实；跨国房价收入比数据一般不具可比性，也不存在国际惯例或国际警戒线；房价收入比用于衡量住房支付能力，重要的是其变动的走向，而不只是某年的具体数值。本文计算了我国1991-2005年的房价收入比，用以衡量城镇居民购买新建商品住房的支付能力，发现：我国房价收入比整体上有所下降，但从2003年起又上升；房价收入比具有明显的区域特征。表现出东部趋升、中西部趋降的态势，上海、北京的房价收入比较高，北京和西藏的房价收入比波动较大，各省市间房价收入比的差别呈减小态势。     

金融发展与中国的收入分配:1986—2005

在已有的实证研究中,金融发展水平指标的选取存在一定的缺陷,并得出了存在明显分歧的结论。本文利用我国1986—2005年的时间序列数据,从规模扩张、效率提升和结构完善等3个方面,采用格兰杰因果检验、协整回归对金融发展与中国收入分配的关系进行实证检验。研究表明:1986—2005年间,金融规模的扩张、经济增长扩大了全国居民收入基尼系数和城乡收入比率,而金融效率的提高、教育水平的提升则缩小了城乡收入比率。本研究及其政策含义,对我国的金融改革与发展具有重要的启示意义。     

1993-2005年美国对外贸易特征实证分析

1993年,美国开始实施新的“国家出口战略”,强化对出口的激励。近 10年来,美国扩大出口的政策取得了明显成效。目前,美国是世界第一大进口国和出口国,其进出口分别约占世界进出口总值的10％和17％。本文旨在通过实证分析,梳理美国1993～2005年对外贸易发展的脉络,透过美国对外贸易发展的特征,指出美国对外贸易政策的主导思想仍然是自由贸易,从未来一段时间来看,与美国国民经济保持一致,美国对外贸易仍将继续保持稳定增长。     

国内技术性贸易壁垒研究评述:1990-2005

技术性贸易壁垒已经成为影响国际贸易的最重要因素,中国也面临着越来越多的技术性贸易壁垒约束。文章回顾了1990-2005年国内对于技术性贸易壁垒的相关研究,并对技术性贸易壁垒的形成、经济效应及其影响、应对及突破等问题作了较全面的评述,并对进一步的研究作了简要展望。     

2004-2005我国对外贸易形势回顾及展望

在全球经济回暖趋势下,2004年我国对外贸易进一步发展。本文回顾了2004年前三季度外贸状况,同时分析了当前国际国内形势,对2005年中国对外贸易运行态势进行了初步判断。最后提出了今后外贸发展应注意的问题。     

我国2005～2010年不同所有制工业企业效率的度量和比较

采用生产率理论中的DEA-Malmquist指数方法对我国按注册登记的7种所有制工业企业2005~2010年的数据进行分析,测度结果发现样本期间企业的全要素生产率差异微小,且国有企业效率稍高于其他企业,所有制并未构成影响企业效率的主要因素。通过对全要素生产率的拆分发现,生产率变动受外部宏观经济形势的影响较大,表现为在2008~2009年金融危机爆发期间私营企业和外资企业技术变化指数的剧烈波动。国有企业效率的稳步增长与私营企业效率的波动印证了企业生产率的增长与外部融资支持密切正相关。     

"入世"后的践诺--2005年机械类进口关税调整解析与建议(上)

一、全国进口关税调整情况经国务院批准,我国进口关税从2005年1月1日起进行调整,调整后的关税总水平(指最惠国税率。下同)由2004年的10.4%降到2005年的9.9%,降税幅度为4.8%。其中农产品平均税率由15.6%降到15.35,工业品平均税率由9.5%降到9.0%。同时调整进口税则的部分税目,进口税则的税目总数由2004年的7475个增加到7750个,净增75个(新增77个,删除2个)。2005年调整关税税率的税目有980个(2004年调整2414个税目),占税目总数的12.6%。此外     

Compulsory child restraint seat law and motor vehicle child occupant deaths and injuries in Japan 1994-2005

The purpose of child restraint seats (CRS) is to reduce the number of individuals killed or injured in motor vehicle (MV) crashes. Japanese Road Traffic Law 17-3-4 (April 2000) specifies a requirement that CRS be used for all children aged 0-5 years. The objective of this evaluation was to determine the legislative impact on fatalities in Japan for the period 1994-2005. Data were obtained from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis. A time-series Poisson regression model was used to analyse the change (6 years pre/post) in incidence rate ratios of fatality and injury in MV crashes among children ages 0-5 years. Despite increases in CRS use, fatalities failed to decrease significantly after enactment of the law (incidence rate ratio: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.49-1.31). In 2005, 67% of children aged 0-5 years, who were killed as MV occupants were not seated in CRS. Between 2000 and 2005, the lack of CRS led to 43% of front seat passenger deaths, 54% of rear seat deaths, 143 children died in total and 500 + children were seriously injured. It was found that the compulsory CRS law enacted in April 2000 did not result in a statistically significant reduction in child MV occupant fatalities and injuries in Japan.     

中国零售学术研究现状分析——基于CSSCI(2000-2005)的研究

在中文社会科学引文索引（CSSCI）数据库中，对我国6年来（2000—2005）零售学术论文进行了检索，对检索数据在零售学术期刊构成、论文内容和方法、学者队伍三个方面进行了分析。研究结果表明：刊载零售学术论文的期刊数量百余种，但是还没有专门的零售学术期刊；零售学术论文主题分布于零售战略、国际化、连锁经营、零售业态等15个方面，研究方法以实证定性研究为主；发表两篇以上论文的学者有41人，专业化的零售学者队伍有待形成。     

William Faricy Condee. Coal and Culture: Opera Houses in Appalachia. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005. xii + 210 pp. ISBN 0-8214-1588-3, $34.95 (cloth).

In Coal and Culture William Condee examines Appalachian small-towntheaters built between the 1860s and 1930s that appropriatedthe high-culture term ‘opera house’ for spaces presentingdiverse activities from high school graduations to travelingtheatrical troupes. The title ‘opera house,’ ratherthan ‘theater,’ conveyed an aura of culture, refinement,and acceptability in an era when theater was sometimes regardedas having questionable morals. ‘Opera house’ soundedgrand, but many structures were modest buildings whose facadesdiffered little from     

Larry G. Gerber. The Irony of State Intervention: American Industrial Relations Policy in Comparative Perspective, 1914-1939. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2005. viii + 212 pp. ISBN 0-87580-347-4, $40.00.

This is a most interesting comparative study of labor relationsin the United States and Britain across the divide of WorldWar I and encompassing the whole of the interwar period. A concludingchapter provides retrospective insights derived from post-1945experience in both countries. The author’s central concernis to resolve the paradox of the long-established American commitmentto small government ("antistatism")     

Alison Fleig Frank. Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005. xx + 343 pp. ISBN 0-674-01887-7, $49.95.

Dirt poor agrarian Galicia an oil empire? How did I miss that?Driven by incredulity to the Habsburg and Polish histories onmy shelves, I found barely a sentence on oil in any of them.No wonder once eastern Galicia fell to Ukraine after the SecondWorld War, behind the Soviet border proper, this colorful andinstructive chapter in the history of Austria and Poland, ofmyriad Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Germans, Canadians, and otheractors lay dormant. That is, until Alison Fleig Frank came along. Her pioneeringand     

Carl A. Zimring. Cash for Your Trash: Scrap Recycling in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. xi + 220 pp. ISBN 0-8135-3686-3, $39.95.

Paul Revere rode to Concord on a horse shod with shoes re-forgedfrom scrap iron. New York City’s Mayor, Michael Bloomberg,misstepped when he decided that residents would sort only thoserecyclables that actually had a market, rather than the beveragecontainers that went straight to the landfill. During the intervening226 years, Americans recycled for reasons of economy, and ontothat base we recently have grafted a goal of recycling to promoteenvironmental quality. Carl Zimring’s Cash For Your Trashlinks     

Steve Fraser. Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life. New York: HarperCollins, 2005. xxiii + 721 pp. ISBN 0-06-662048-1, $29.95 (cloth).

Steve Fraser has undertaken the daunting task of a culturalhistory of Wall Street. The result is a book that is at onceintriguing and exasperating, insightful and overstated, comprehensiveand flawed. The research is broad and imaginative but not deepin key areas and marred by small but silly errors. The writingis often lucid and sprightly but also strains too hard to beclever. Fraser organizes his narrative around four broad eras. Duringthe first one, the "Financial Frontier,"     

JoAnne Yates. Structuring the Information Age: Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 2005. x + 351 pp. ISBN 0-8018-8086-6, $49.95.

Structuring the Information Age delineates the incorporationof the computer into the life insurance bureaucracy and howlife insurance affected the rise of computers. The life insuranceindustry is an excellent choice for a study of how informationtechnology ‘revolutions’ actually are incrementallyappropriated by enterprises and society. Insurance as a financialintermediary depends on information for its existence. Changesin information manipulation fundamentally affect managementpractice. Moreover, it was a large market for producers of businessmachines. The industry     

Steve Lerner. Diamond: A Struggle for Environmental Justice in Louisiana's Chemical Corridor. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005. xiv + 344 pp. ISBN 0-262-12273-1, $27.95 (cloth).

In the decades before the Shell Corporation moved them out,the African American residents of Diamond, Louisiana, sufferedthe ill effects of petrochemical factory explosions that killedor injured family members and damaged their homes. They alsosaw clouds of foul-smelling white or colored gas snaking throughtheir streets and flowing into their homes, the products ofleaks from the large Shell chemical and oil refinery facilitiesthat defined the boundaries of their neighborhood and the adjacentwhite community of Norco. In a     

Richard E. Caves. Switching Channels: Organization and Change in TV Broadcasting. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005. ix + 360 pp. ISBN: 0-674-01878-8, $39.95 (paper).

Economist Richard Caves has taken on the daunting task of explaininghow and why the U.S. television "industry" produces what itdoes. He does this, notably, by treating public policy and contentcriticism—the themes prevalent in most scholarship ontelevision issues—as two among numerous other explanatoryfactors. His approach is decidedly that of an economist, nota historian, so his aim is to produce a well-supported, cohesiveeconomic model—which he does. Caves argues that one should consider