会计准则的供给与需求

会计信息是一种典型的公共物品,由于存在“市场失灵”、“政府失灵”,无法从根本上回答是政府制定会计准则还是由民间机构制定准则。从准则的供需角度出发,我国会计准则与美国以及国际会计准则的不同具有必然性,因为供给与需求不同,导致各国会计目标不完全相同。目标如不一致,所采用的会计政策与会计方法就会有侧重。     

将森林生态效益纳入林业会计核算体系的探讨

森林的生态效益远高于其经济效益，将其纳入林业会计核算体系是实施林业可持续发展战略的一项重要的基础性工作。为此，本文阐述了森林生态效益会计核算的必要性及其特征，探讨了森林生态效益纳入收入要素核算的会计确认与计量、会计核算应设置的科目和信息披露的方式。     

Time-frequency co-movements between bank credit supply and economic growth in an emerging market: Does the bank ownership structure matter?

This study aims to shed some light on the causal link between bank credit supply and economic growth in Turkey for the banks with the different ownership structures between 1993Q4 and 2017Q3. Wavelet coherence test is used to obtain this objective and to answer the following questions: (i) does bank credit supply lead to economic growth in Turkey and vice versa, and (ii) does the bank ownership matters in this linkage? The findings from wavelet coherence reveal that between 1993 and 2003 in the short and medium term, economic growth leads credit supply but in the long run there is feedback causality between credit supply and economic growth for only public and private banks. However, in the long-run between 1993 and 2003 economic growth leads credit supply in the foreign banks in Turkey. Between 2004 and 2017, there is feedback causality between credit supply and economic growth. Moreover, our findings suggest that bank ownership affects the strength of the linkage between credit supply and economic growth in Turkey especially in the short and medium terms. More specially, within the three types of bank ownership, the findings imply that the strongest correlation among the variables is for the private banks while the weakest one is for foreign banks.     

环境会计信息需求及其质量特征分析

随着经济的发展和环境的恶化,我国对环境会计的呼声越来越高。本文从环境会计的目标出发,分析了社会对环境会计信息的需求以及环境会计信息质量特征,以期为环境会计的建立提供参考。     

‘Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Lower Your Carbon Footprint!’ — Urban Laboratories and the Governance of Low‐Carbon Futures

The increasing threat of climate change has created a pressing need for cities to lower their carbon footprints. Urban laboratories are emerging in numerous cities around the world as a strategy for local governments to partner with public and private property owners to reduce carbon emissions, while simultaneously stimulating economic growth. In this article, we use insights from laboratory studies to analyse the notion of urban laboratories as they relate to experimental governance, the carbonization agenda and the transition to low‐carbon economies. We present a case study of the Oxford Road corridor in Manchester in the UK that is emerging as a low‐carbon urban laboratory, with important policy implications for the city's future. The corridor is a bounded space where a public‐private partnership comprised of the City Council, two universities and other large property owners is redeveloping the physical infrastructure and installing monitoring equipment to create a recursive feedback loop intended to facilitate adaptive learning. This low‐carbon urban laboratory represents a classic sustainable development formula for coupling environmental protection with economic growth, using innovation and partnership as principal drivers. However, it also has significant implications in reworking the interplay of knowledge production and local governance, while reinforcing spatial differentiation and uneven participation in urban development.     

Economic Determinants of Multiple Accounting Method Choices in a Swiss Context

This article investigates economic determinants that may affect multiple accounting method choices made by Swiss listed companies. It intends to make a contribution to the accounting choice literature for at least four reasons. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to investigate the economic determinants of Swiss accounting method choices. Second, Swiss firms provide an interesting sample for testing accounting method choices because they can choose from a much wider range of accounting methods than their American counterparts. Third, this study examines the balance sheet effect as well as the income statement effect. Lastly, multiple accounting methods are used instead of individual choices. The empirical results exhibit that income‐accelerating accounting method choices is positively associated with the recourse to bank and private loans, the extent of assets specificity and the ownership dilution of the firm and negatively with labour force. Additionally, firms that select leverage‐ratios decreasing accounting methods, make higher recourse to debt and especially bank loans to finance their activities and exhibit a higher proportion of specific assets than other corporations. Overall, this result suggests that in a Swiss context, managers may select accounting methods to decrease both debt and political costs as well as to increase their own compensation to some extent.     

Institutional Pressures and an Evolving Forest Carbon Market

It is estimated that 87 million acres of forestland in the United States (US) is managed by private industrial forestland owners (nearly 14% of the forestland nationwide). Private industrial forestland owners include forest product companies, Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). Current regulatory and voluntary carbon markets, as well as proposed national emission reduction legislation, in the US make provisions for substantial carbon offsets from domestic forestry projects. This research employs the theory of planned behavior by means of an online questionnaire in order to survey large industrial forestland owners (>30 000 acres) regarding intentions to manage forestland for carbon sequestration and trading. Quantitative results suggest that very few organizations (18%) were managing forestland for carbon values. Attitudes towards carbon sequestration and trading were significantly influenced by the managers' beliefs that emission reduction legislation would become law and that US forest carbon offsets can be used as a legitimate climate change mitigation tool. Qualitative results revealed that most organizations are taking a passive approach to carbon sequestration and trading until a suitable regulatory framework emerges and carbon prices provide the conditions for a sound investment. The researchers suggest that, given the size and scope of the climate change phenomenon as well as the multifaceted and unified mitigation strategy required to address it, the development of functional carbon markets will be an iterative process and may require a global carbon framework that reflects the globalized nature of the forest economy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

木质林产品供应链碳足迹研究与展望

以木质林产品供应链为研究对象,归纳总结了常用的碳足迹核算标准和核算方法,并从森林生产、采购与运输、林产品加工、仓储与配送以及废弃回收等方面对木质林产品单一供应链环节的碳足迹研究进行综述;从企业内部供应链和外部供应链的角度对木质林产品全供应链的碳足迹的相关研究进行总结,阐明了木质林产品碳足迹因供应链环节的不同而产生的差异。最后基于当前木质林产品碳足迹的研究现状提出了展望,旨在为木质林产品供应链低碳化发展和有关绿色经济政策制定提供借鉴和参考。     

Private Debt and Timely Loss Recognition

Abstract

In this study, we investigate whether private debt contracting provides incentives for borrowers to recognize economic losses earlier in accounting earnings. Focusing on the window around firms' issuances of private loans, we document that timely loss recognition significantly increases following an issuance. This effect is significantly stronger for debt contracts that include performance covenants acting as trip-wires when firm performance deteriorates. We also find that timely loss recognition is particularly used when writing debt contracts is hampered by uncertainty about a firm's future development. These findings are consistent with timely loss recognition being used to increase contract efficiency by facilitating state-contingent control allocation based on a borrower's performance over the loan term.     

PUBLIC R&D POLICIES AND PRIVATE R&D INVESTMENT: A SURVEY OF THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

The importance of R&D investment in explaining economic growth is well documented in the literature. Policies by modern governments increasingly recognise the benefits of supporting R&D investment. Government funding has, however, become an increasingly scarce resource in times of financial crisis and economic austerity. Hence, it is important that available funds are used and targeted effectively. This paper offers the first systematic review and critical discussion of what the R&D literature has to say currently about the effectiveness of major public R&D policies in increasing private R&D investment. Public policies are considered within three categories, R&D tax credits and direct subsidies, support of the university research system and the formation of high‐skilled human capital, and support of formal R&D cooperations across a variety of institutions. Crucially, the large body of more recent literature observes a shift away from the earlier findings that public subsidies often crowd‐out private R&D to finding that subsidies typically stimulate private R&D. Tax credits are also much more unanimously than previously found to have positive effects. University research, high‐skilled human capital, and R&D cooperation also typically increase private R&D. Recent work indicates that accounting for non‐linearities is one area of research that may refine existing results.     

客户关系变动提高了审计费用吗？

在全球供应链不断发展的形势下，稳定的供应链关系愈发重要。从审计师风险应对视角探讨客户关系变动是否以及如何影响审计费用。实证结果表明，客户关系变动显著增加了审计费用。机制检验发现，客户关系变动使审计师加大审计投入并感知到更高的审计风险，进而收取更高的审计费用。进一步探究客户关系变动的原因及其对审计费用的影响后发现，客户自身面临财务困境时引发客户关系变动，提高了审计费用;但当企业经济政策不确定性较高时却降低了客户关系变动，从而降低审计费用。基于事务所层面和企业层面的异质性检验还发现，客户关系变动与审计费用的正向关系主要体现在高资质事务所、客户集中度较高和治理水平低的企业中。研究结论为探讨客户关系变动的经济后果提供了新的证据和视角，对当下中国如何进行供应链风险管理具有启示意义。     

私募股权投资、内部控制与会计稳健性

以2010—2017年我国创业板上市公司为样本,研究私募股权投资、内部控制和会计稳健性的关系。研究发现,有私募股权投资参与的上市公司其会计稳健性普遍高于无私募股权投资参与的上市公司,且私募股权投资持股比例越高,被投资公司的会计稳健性越好,因此私募股权投资在我国发挥了一定的公司治理作用,提高了企业会计信息质量。此外,研究发现上市公司内部控制能显著降低私募股权投资对会计稳健性的正向作用,即内控较好的上市公司,私募股权投资对会计稳健性的影响会削弱,因此私募股权投资和内部控制两者在提高会计稳健性方面存在替代效应。研究结论进一步补充了私募股权投资与内部控制公司治理作用的文献,具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。     

机会主义理论视角下的会计信息披露失真问题研究

会计信息披露失真问题一直困扰着会计理论界和实务工作者,我们认为企业各产权主体的机会主义行为是造成会计信息披露失真的根本原因,本文从企业理论(契约理论)和产权理论角度,研究企业各产权主体的机会主义行为,分析其对会计信息披露失真的影响,并提出了通过从契约、市场、监管、道德以及利益相关者的利益约束五个方面对企业各产权主体的机会主义行为进行治理,达到减少会计信息披露失真行为的对策建议。     

私营企业会计信息失真治理对策

私营企业在我国经济建设中的作用日渐重要,但私营企业普遍存在会计信息失真问题,该问题严重影响我国经济秩序的稳定。文章结合私营企业自身特点,提出一系列相关治理对策。     

Accounting Discretion in Goodwill Impairments: UK Evidence

This study examines managers’ use of discretion in determining goodwill impairment losses following the mandatory adoption of IFRS 3 “Business Combinations,” and whether this discretion reflects opportunistic reporting by managers or the provision of their private information. Although IFRS 3 was issued to improve the accounting treatment for goodwill and provide users with more useful and value‐relevant information regarding the underlying economic value of goodwill, it has been criticized on the grounds of the managerial discretion inherent in impairment testing. Therefore, ex‐ante, it is unclear how the impairment‐only approach has affected the reporting of goodwill impairment losses. After controlling for economic factors, empirical results reveal that managers are exercising discretion in the reporting of goodwill impairments following the adoption of IFRS 3. Specifically, goodwill impairments are more likely to be associated with recent CEO changes, income smoothing and “big bath” reporting behaviors. However, the results also indicate that goodwill impairments are strongly associated with effective governance mechanisms suggesting that managers are more likely to be exercising their accounting discretion to convey their private information about the underlying performance of the firm rather than acting opportunistically. These inferences are robust to various modeling specifications and variable definitions, suggesting that IFRS 3 has provided managers with a framework to reliably convey their private information about future cash flows consistent with the IASB's objectives in developing the impairment standard.     

An Income Tax Increase to Fund Higher Education: A CGE Analysis for Chile

An increase in income taxes to fund education was one of the demands made by the social movements that emerged in Chile in 2011. Currently, the Chilean Congress is enacting a tax reform to raise money for higher education. This study aims to show the dynamic effects on the general equilibrium of the Chilean economy under two alternative approaches: a subsidy to lower the price of higher education (public and private), and greater spending on public higher education to reduce household payments for education. The social accounting matrix (SAM) used to calibrate the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model has 38 economic sectors, including the production structure of private education and public education. The study mainly concludes that a subsidy policy has significant advantages over increasing higher public education spending, regarding its effects on variables such as GDP, investment, and household incomes, while both policies have a similar effect on poverty and income distribution.     

私营企业会计信息失真治理对策

私营企业在我国经济建设中的作用日渐重要,但私营企业普遍存在会计信息失真问题,该问题严重影响我国经济秩序的稳定。文章结合私营企业自身特点,提出一系列相关治理对策。     

新金融工具准则对私募股权投资企业财务管理的影响探析

2017年财政部为了适应新时期经济发展的需要,规范企业金融工具的会计处理,全面提高其会计信息的质量,陆续发布了《企业会计准则》第22、23、24和37号文件。论文对比了新旧金融工具准则的区别,根据私募股权投资企业的特点,分析其对私募股权投资企业财务管理的影响,并对新金融工具会计准则应用于私募股权投资企业财务管理提出建议。     

影响中小企业内部会计制度建设的外部环境及建议

中小企业内部会计制度不健全,严重影响了中小企业的健康发展。文章从分析影响中小企业内部会计制度建设的外部环境入手,提出了改善中小企业会计制度建设外部环境建设的建议和对策。     

控股股东所有制性质变更对公司业绩的影响——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

利用我国上市公司截面数据,研究了控股股东所有制性质的改变对上市公司业绩的影响,结果发现,第一,总体上,控股股东所有制性质在国家股、国有法人股以及私有股之间的变更对公司业绩没有显著性影响。第二,同控股股东的国家股或私有股性质相比,控股股东变更为国有法人股更可能改善公司业绩。所谓"国有资本所有者缺位"主要体现在国家股所有者缺位。第三,控股股东的私有性质对公司业绩没有显著影响,这可能是私有控股股东隐瞒利润的结果。