Henry George on Land Ownership: A Comment on Pullen

Did George alienate many by presenting his reform program as the institution of a new form of restricted land possession rather than as the retention of traditional ownership with a substantial land tax imposed? It seems doubtful, yet the distinction merits further exploration and the peculiar and hard‐to‐implement nature of the tax and the difficulty of reconciling it with George's distrust of government needs to be stressed. Ideally, George might have preferred complete government ownership of land but his policy proposals were pragmatically adapted to the realities of his own society. The extent of the egalitarianism and aid to the landless implied in his program is questioned.     

Land Reform in Kiaochow, China: From 1898 to 1914 the Menace of Disastrous Land Speculation was Averted by Taxation

A bstract . Mistaken land policies in overseas possessions of the German Empire resulted in disastrous land peculation. The small German Land Reform League vainly petitioned the Chancellor for a rational colonial land policy. Von Wissman, East African Governor, stopped the selling of crown lands, ordering their leasing. The speculators and the press denounced him. But the League supported him and the Colonial Office distributed its periodical to leading officials. The articles reached the Navy Department and high officers were won to the cause of land reform. When Admiral von Diederichs occupied Kiaochow in 1898, he was determined, as was his superior. Admiral von Tirpitz , to prevent land speculation. The Kiaochow Land and Tax Statute , in force from 1898 to 1914, achieved their goal. Inspired by Henry George , it was written by Wilhelm Schrameier , a young colonial officer who became Imperial Commissioner.     

重庆市城乡统筹发展与土地改革浅析

本文通过对统筹城乡发展内涵介绍,结合重庆市为统筹城乡发展所做的土地改革探索,分析了重庆市土地承包经营权入股改革、"地票"制度建立及农村土地交易所创设、农民转市民农村集体土地退出与利用探索对于重庆市统筹城乡发展的意义,重庆市在土地改革上的探索为确保国家统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区顺利推进,打破城乡二元结构,缩小城乡差距发挥了重要作用。文章最后提出为实现城乡统筹发展,土地改革要以充分保障农民权益为前提,土地改革的重点是要建立城乡统一的土地市场。     

Henry George's Land Reform: The Distinction between Private Ownership and Private Possession

Henry George stated that the taxation of land rent would amount to the abolition of the institution of private ownership of land, thereby alienating all those who, whether for economic or ideological reasons, regard the private ownership of land as essential for social order and progress. George believed that under his proposed reform the private ownership of land would be replaced by private possession. But his distinction between ownership and possession appears to have been based on a misconception of the nature of private ownership. His proposed reform could have been more logically described as a conditional, modified, or restricted private ownership of land, rather than as the abolition of private ownership of land.     

农地“三权分置”改革对农业内生发展的影响机制及实证检验

农地"三权分置"改革通过影响农业资本、技术、劳动力等生产投入要素进而影响农业内生发展。本文利用调研数据对其实证检验的结果表明,代表农地"三权分置"改革的土地确权和土地转入显著提高了农户的农业投资及贷款意愿,提升了其农业科技使用意愿,并增强了其农业人力资本提升意愿;而代表"三权分置"改革的土地转出对三者的影响均为负。由此表明,农地"三权分置"改革对农业资本、技术和劳动力的内生增长有显著促进作用,进而推动农业内生发展。建议深化"三权分置"改革,推进确权成果应用,完善土地流转机制,借助大数据建立网络化土地流转平台,以土地为杠杆撬动农业其他生产要素投入。     

Henry George and Europe

A bstract . The progressive democratic social philosophy of a 19th century American economist, Henrys George , has had a far-reaching effect on some European intellectual and political leaders. Not all adopted his practical proposal, the single land value tax as a substitute for other taxes. But the British Liberal party , a section of the British Labor party and Danish smallholders did. George's ideas were absorbed into the long standing European land reform tradition and he became the initiator and theoretical founder of the modern movement there, as Heinrich Erman , the German legal scholar, held. It is a mistake to say that the French Physiocrats anticipated George; their produit net was a tax on output, not highest potential use and was aimed to achieve stability , not development. Europeans see George and Georgism the same as Americans but in a different context, that of Natural rights.     

Henry George's Land Reform: A Comment on Pullen

Henry George described his proposal to tax land rent as tantamount to abolition of the private ownership of land . However, Pullen's suggestion that it might better be described as "conditional, modified, or restricted ownership" falls foul of the fact that all ownership is conditional, modified, or restricted in some sense. Whereas, for George, the private ownership of labor products may be positively justified on grounds of equity, and is subject only to conditions that apply to ownership in general, the private ownership of land may be permitted , but only on grounds of social utility, and only if a radical condition (social appropriation of most of its rent) is met that satisfies the demands of equity.     

Henry George and the Shakers: Evolution of Communal Attitudes Towards Land Ownership

A bstract . The influence of Henry George on the Shakers has been misunderstood. The most prominent late nineteenth century Shaker elder was Frederick W. Evans , brother of George Henry Evans , the land reformer of the second quarter of the century. Similarities in the programs of G. H. Evans and Henry George have been recognized, but the two proposed different kinds of land reforms. Evans promoted quantitative restrictions on land ownership , while George was known for his advocacy of a single tax on land. The New York Shakers, as large land owners, successfully resisted early G. H. Evans type land reforms. Later, Shakers led by F. W. Evans embraced Henry George-type policy proposals and supported George for mayor of New York City. E. W. Evans himself, however, conflated Henry George's proposals with those of his brother, never realizing the contradiction between the two, much less resolving it. The consequences of Shaker ambivalence toward their large landholdings persisted well into the twentieth century.     

从我国土改进程看新时期的土地改革

中国共产党成立九十多年来，一直把土地问题作为经济发展的主要问题。在综合评述中国土地改革发展历程的基础上，分析了当今土地改革现状和存在的问题，阐述了中共十八届三中全会在土地改革体制机制方面制定的指导方针，提出修宪立法、明晰土地产权以促进土地改革顺利进行的政策建议。     

农村集体土地制度改革与土地征收补偿

党的十八届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》为我国农村集体土地制度的改革指明了方向。我国农村集体土地制度改革有利于建立城乡统一的建设用地市场、健全城乡发展一体化体制和赋予农民更多财产权利,也有利于预防土地腐败,促进社会和谐。在具体政策实施过程中,要做好农村集体土地的确权工作,规范农村集体土地流转,实行城乡土地同价同权,逐步建立城乡统一的土地市场,并要有效地解决征收制度对农村土地市场秩序的威胁,进一步完善土地补偿保障机制。     

Alfred Russel Wallace's Campaign to Nationalize Land

A bstract . Alfred Russel Wallace rose to fame with Charles Darwin: They independently found the principle of natural selection. Wallace later focused on reforming Great Britain's land tenure system, under which a few owners had come to control most of the land, while most citizens had little or none of their own. In Land Nationalization (1882) Wallace proposed for the state to acquire all land, with limited compensation. The state would then lease it by auction, but to actual users only. Wallace saw his kinship with Henry George, and opened doors to help George tour Britain as a speaker. For years their ideas were linked by friend and foe, and together had great impact on British politics.     

Henry George and the Catholic View of Morality and the Common Good, I

A bstract . On the issuance of the first of the modern social encyclicals, Rerum Novarum , Henry George, the American economist and social philosopher , criticized its author, Pope Leo XIII , for defending a limited right to own land and for limiting the right of private ownership of labor products. George did so by reasoning from Locke's ground that each human has a property right in one's person. George distinguished between possession (and use) and ownership of land on the ground of the common good. That required equality of mutual opportunity , which George would achieve by a Single Tax on all land values. Land reform , he held, would lead to moral reform , and thus to a society based on justice. Pope Leo goes beyond the Schoolmen in stressing a natural right to property, including land, which he asserted must be regarded as sacred. This right, he said, was not absolute, but subject to be used, according to God's Will, for the benefit of others. George looked to a change in the economic structure by reform of land tenure and use to establish a just social order ; Leo to religion and the church , the government, moral individuals and voluntary associations to do so.     

T.H. Huxley's Critique of Henry George

A bstract . In 1890 Thomas Henry Huxley launched an extremely harsh attack against Henry George. The basis for the attack has until now remained unclear. The opening in 1959 of Charles Darwin's research journals, has led derivatively to reconsideration of Huxley's position as an advocate of evolutionary biology and proponent of science and scientists in Britain, and thereby offers new perspective on the roots of the Huxley-George controversy. The reasons for the conflict are to be found in Huxley's attempt to attract British workers to acceptance of evolutionary science , and to market scientists to employers as defenders of order and progress, who should be supported by the public and the public purse. The challenge George made was to appeal for social reform and fairer treatment for workers through more traditional, non-science based appeals. Thus, George accepted the concept of natural order and religion as valid. The heart of the science Huxley propounded had a Malthusian beat, but George, perhaps unknowingly, turned the primary argument of evolutionary science—Malthusian dynamics—against Huxley. George was not only a threat to Huxley personally but also to the enormous efforts Huxley had invested in attempting to professionalize science through the vehicle of having British workers accept the cosmic kaleidoscope and concepts of biological man. George, holding the older human self-image was triumphant in appealing to British workers since his message.     

土地发展权跨区域流转的现实与前景——一个分析框架

土地发展权虽未作为一项正式的制度设置,但事实上作为地方政府进行"制度创新"的重要工具,为经济增长和城市化扩张做出了实质性贡献。同时,这种颇具中国特色的土地发展权流转机制具有渐进性特征,正深刻影响中国土地产权制度改革进程。本文在总结我国土地发展权跨区域流转的理论、制度和实践基础上,对土地发展权跨区域流转的前景进行了一个框架性的拓展分析。研究发现,因城乡二元土地制度的异质性,土地发展权跨区域流转将存在迥异的发生机制。国有土地发展权可围绕"建设用地节余指标"这一具象载体进行跨区域流转,农村土地发展权则可围绕特定的"发展权标准单位"这一虚拟载体进行跨区域流转。在此基础上,本文从改革方案、机制设计、交易市场等方面提出了建议。     

我国农村集体土地使用权的确立及改革

农村集体土地使用权是农村土地财产权利的重要组成部分。农村集体土地使用权的确立,具有科学的理论依据,是对集体土地所有权功能的有效弥补。经过多年实践,我国通过法律的形式将土地使用权加以建立,并不断进行改革。科学认识现行土地使用权法律制度,完善农村土地使用权体系,是推进我国土地制度改革,维护农民合法权益的必经之路。     

George on Land Speculation and the Winner's Curse

A bstract .   Henry George anticipated the winner's curse phenomenon and suggested an antidote to prevent wasteful land speculation. In these ways his economic ideas still resonate today as part of modern finance theory.     

Henry George, Sun Yat-sen and China: More Than Land Policy Was Involved

A bstract . Sun Yat-sen repeatedly acknowledged the influence of Henry George , and this influence went beyond details of land policy. Significant parts of George's work involved his extensive references to China his diagnoses of China's ills, his vision of a possible better economic order , and his strong attack on the Malthusian theory. These too influenced Sun.     

农地确权、金融可得性与农户家庭贫困脆弱性

本文基于2013年和2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,应用双重差分方法考察新一轮农地确权对农户家庭贫困脆弱性的直接影响,结合中介效应模型和三重差分模型检验农地确权影响家庭贫困脆弱性的中介机制和调节机制。研究结果表明,农地确权能够降低农户家庭未来陷入贫困或持续贫困的概率,其间接路径是通过促进农户从事非农就业降低家庭贫困脆弱性。金融可得性在农地确权影响农户家庭贫困脆弱性中起到调节效应,金融可得性越高,农地确权降低贫困脆弱性的作用越大。对处于不同贫困脆弱状态的农户家庭而言,农地确权降低贫困脆弱性的作用存在差异。上述结论对通过土地产权制度改革推进持续巩固脱贫攻坚成果和相对贫困治理工作意义重大,并为评估新一轮农地确权政策提供了新思路。     

地方政府的"土地财政"及其弊端

目前我国地方政府把土地作为增加财政收入的工具,对地方财政和土地资源的可持续利用造成不利的影响。分析了财政激励条件下地方政府的土地利用行为,并在环境保护视角下深入分析这些行为对地方财政和土地资源的影响。发现由于土地资源的稀缺性,地方政府以持续开发土地作为发展动力的土地财政不是一种可持续的发展模式,不能为地方政府带来稳定的财政收入,终将导致财政收入的枯竭。     

John Dewey and Henry George: The Socialization of Land as a Prerequisite for a Democratic Public

John Dewey frequently praised Henry George, author of a plan to confiscate land values with a “single tax.” Scholars have failed to account for Dewey's support of George. Some have argued that it should not be taken seriously because it is at odds with their interpretation of Dewey's philosophy. This article demonstrates that Dewey perceived the socialization of land values as an essential step toward creating a true democracy. Furthermore, Dewey's interest in George was not an aberration; it was exemplary of his faith in ideology, theory, and transformative social policy. Despite contentions to the contrary, pragmatists of the early 20^th century never emphasized skepticism, moderation, or rote empiricism. In fact, Dewey embraced the philosophy of Henry George as a general theory of history of society. During the Great Depression, Dewey attacked the piecemeal reformism of the New Deal in favor of the comprehensive vision of Henry George.