论政治体制改革的内在悖论——以中外历史上的改革为例

中国历史上的6次改革、外国历史上的9次改革表明，政治体制改革在中外历史上不断上演，但可以说没有任何成功的案例---虽然政治改革成功的国家是有的，最基本的原因在于它存在无法克服的政治悖论，包括谁来改、改什么、怎么改三个方面的悖论。     

中俄所有制改革比较分析

俄罗斯采取快速转变方式实行私有化且带有很强的政治目的，导致社会陷入一片经济与政治混乱。中国的体制改革没有进行私有化运动，中国的所有制改革是一个渐进过程和非国有化过程，创造了一个较好的经济环境和稳定的政治环境与社会环境。中俄两国在所有制改革中都出现了两种副产品，即官僚资本和两极分化，但俄罗斯的情况更复杂些。     

我国深化政治体制改革的路径依赖与制度创新——以新制度主义为研究视角

在新制度主义框架下研究我国政治体制改革可以发现，我国政治体制在新中国成立后60多年发展过程中所形成的路径依赖现象是当前我们进一步深化政治体制改革的困厄所在。这种路径依赖．就是我国具体政治体制在变迁的过程中对核心制度的高度依赖，它一方面使好的政治制度得以延续，可以为以后的政治发展提供一个基本的模板和发展指向；另一方面，它可能使一个坏体制“顽强”地生存下去，要改掉它比建立一个新的体制还要艰难。要打破政治体制变迁过程中的“路径锁定”，必须进一步解放思想．在党政关系、改革理念和权力制衡等方面实现创新，为建立现代政治文明架桥铺路。     

浅议新时期企业思想政治工作面临的难题及思路

当前随着企业经营、改革、发展的不断深入,多元化的经济形式出现,企业思想政治工作面临着新的难题,需要我们不断研究新情况,解决新问题.笔者结合实际工作从五个方面提出了当前企业思想政治工作面临的具体问题,进一步寻求企业思想政治工作的新思路,即围绕企业人事、劳动、分配制度的改革和生产经营,开展有针对性的思想政治工作.     

The Dynamics of Aid and Political Rights

Using cross‐country panel data, we explore the extent to which the variation over time in measures of democracy and political rights can be explained by changes in aid inflows, thus providing direct evidence on the impact of innovations in donor policy on the quality of recipient governance. We distinguish between the short‐run and long‐run effects of changes in aid. Our results are very different from those based on cross‐country variation in aid inflows. We find evidence of large differences between the effect of aid for political reform and the effect of other types of aid in aggregate. These effects also depend on the recipient country's initial level of political development. There is no evidence that aid intended for political reform has achieved its objective, and in some countries, it may be counterproductive. However, aggregate aid can have a beneficial effect on political rights.     

Escaping a protectionist rut: Policy mechanisms for trade reform in a democracy

This paper analyzes the dynamics of trade policy reform under democracy. In an overlapping generations model, heterogeneous agents may acquire skills when young thereby determining the skill composition of their cohort. Current and anticipated trade policies influence education decisions and thus voters' trade policy preferences. We show that there may exist two political steady states: one protectionist and one liberal. Transition from the former to the latter can be achieved by government announcements, temporary educational subsidies, or tariff liberalization by trading partners, but generally not by transfer payments to adversely affected workers. We find additionally that reform is politically feasible only if the proposed liberalization is sufficiently large, suggesting that radical reform may be necessary for escaping a protectionist political rut.     

新形势下如何做好企业思想政治工作

是搞好经济工作和其他一切工作的有力保证.目前,大庆钻探正处于改革与发展的关键时期,一些亟待解决的深层次矛盾和问题正逐步显现出来.面对新形势下的矛盾与问题,思想政治工作怎样做?作者从三方面进行阐述:一、基层企业思想政治工作"实"为先;二、基层企业思想政治工作要与时俱进;三、基层企业思想政治工作方法要有可操作性.     

对提高事业单位内部会计控制的思考

随着经济体制、政治体制改革的不断深入,特别是事业单住体制改革的不断深入,对事业单位的管理提出更高的要求,内部会计控制是单位管理活动的重要组成部分,内部会计控制的好坏直接体现了一个单位管理水平的高低.但是目前,我国事业单位的内部会计控制制度的建设却远远滞后于经济体制、政治体制改革,发挥不了其应有的作用.因而加强事业单位的内部会计控制制度的建设已迫在眉睫.     

Challenges of the Euro

Intereconomics - „The lesson from previous episodes of trade reform is in part a story of political framing as well as a story of compensatory deals. Countries can calculate that they might...     

Trade Policy in Burundi: Reform Without Political Stability

This paper evaluates Burundi's progress with trade policy reform, by comparing earlier analyses of Burundi's trade policies undertaken in the 1980s with that of the WTO's recent Trade Policy Review. Since the mid‐1980s Burundi has been trying to reform its trade and macroeconomic policies against the background of continuous socio‐political tensions and periodic outbreaks of violent tribal conflict. A ‘then and now’ comparison allows us to assess both the extent of the trade reforms and of the economic return to those reforms. It is evident that there has been a significant rationalisation and simplification of trade policy. Burundi has eliminated most quantitative import restrictions and reduced the average level and range of its tariffs. The scope for allocative distortions, undesirable redistributive effects and for impediments to investment and growth has been substantially reduced. However, a return to reform in terms of export growth or diversification and of overall economic growth is not discernible yet. This is unsurprising, given the scale of the economic disruption. Sustained socio‐political stability, among other things, will be required to induce the investment in human and physical capital needed for a positive return to trade policy reform.     

社会主义政治经济学与西方经济学——改革开放三十年的再思考

中国改革开放的三十年也是社会主义政治经济学不断发展和完善、西方经济学在中国得到广泛传播的过程。社会主义政治经济学和西方经济学有不同的理论“硬核”和“保护带”,这就决定了二者有不同的研究领域和研究方法。今后社会主义政治经济学应继续关注对生产关系的研究,西方经济学则应继续重视对市场经济条件下资源配置的研究,共同为我国的社会主义市场经济建设及和谐社会的构建做出贡献。     

国家效用、非国有制经济发展和前后阶段改革的划分

非国有经济与国有经济的相对比重不仅影响经济体制改革的成败,也决定作为现代经济核心的金融由计划向市场的转变,也制约着政治体制改革。根据非国有经济与国有经济的相对比重,可以2004-2005年为界,将中国的改革划分为前后两个阶段。     

中国式财政分权下的地方政府支出

中国式分权的特殊性集中体现在经济上的分权与政治上的集中管理体制的紧密结合。中国经济改革始终围绕着如何在垂直的政治治理体制下合理划分中央和地方的利益关系,调动地方的积极性。分税制改革以来,虽然政府间财政收入划分相对清晰,但支出责任并没有被正式划分。中国地方政府支出也因此表现出一些值得关注的特点,并给中国的长期经济增长带来风险。本文对这一问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

EMU and Labour Market Reform: Needs,Incentives and Realisations

Despite improving labour market conditions in recent years, a number of EMU countries still suffer from high and persistent unemployment. It could therefore be expected that labour market reform would be given a prominent position on the political agenda. The new constraints associated with the common monetary policy only increase the pressure for reform. Relying on the introduction of the single currency as a trigger for labour market reform may be a risky strategy. EMU generates a complex set of re‐optimising strategies of the players on the labour market, which makes it difficult to get a clear idea what impact it will have on labour market reform. Evaluation of recent reform measures does not make one confident either. The empirical analysis confirms to some extent the idea that countries with higher unemployment rates have carried out more labour market reform. This finding holds, however, only for countries that do not belong to EMU. EMU countries have on average carried out no more reform than countries outside EMU and any link between the initial unemployment level and the labour market reform indicators seems to lack. It may become apparent that more reform is needed once the macroeconomic environment becomes more unfavourable.     

Financial Sector Reforms in Developing Countries: The Indian Experience

This study is based on the premise that the success/failure of financial sector reforms depends heavily on country specific factors and makes an attempt to examine these factors in the Indian context. The financial sector reforms analysed in this paper include the deregulation of interest rates, increasing competition and foreign ownership, and the introduction of financial supervision. We argue that an economic rationale for a gradualist approach to financial reform is that it is stability enhancing. Furthermore, we suggest that India’s complex political economy has resulted in a gradual approach to reform, and this approach has been successful along the dimension of banking stability.     

Endogenous tariffs and trade adjustment assistance

This paper examines whether trade adjustment assistance is an effective tool for blunting political opposition to trade liberalization. The traditional argument is that adjustment assistance bribes labor unions so that they will accept reduced tariff protection. In this way, a trade adjustment assistance program should help the government lower tariffs and increase social welfare. This paper introduces trade adjustment assistance into a political economy model of endogenous tariff formation. The model shows that adjustment assistance reduces policy makers’ incentives to press for trade liberalization and may slow down the pace of reform and lower social welfare under certain plausible conditions.     

From reform to neo-regulation: An assessment of recent political/economic developments in Nigeria

The Nigerian political economy was placed on the path of economic and political liberalization from the mid-1980s. About a decade later, both processes had experienced great reversals. This article examines the social forces that are arrayed against the reform processes. It focuses on recent political and economic developments in Nigeria with a view to understanding the nature of the emerging business environment for the purpose of potential investors, international managers, aid agencies, and donor countries in Africa's most populous country. While noting the inevitability of a modicum of regulation in the nation's economic adjustment program, this study contends that the regulatory measures contained in the 1994 budget prepared by the new military junta in Nigeria is stifling investment, and can neither lay the basis for the recovery of, nor engender sustainable development in the nation's economy. A more appropriate management of the exchange and interest rate regimes, and the democratization of the political processes as the minimum prerequisite for stability, growth, and development in the Nigerian political economy is recommended. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

论阶层分化对我国政治发展的挑战与对策

自改革开放以来,我国的社会阶层发生了前所未有的分化,使政治发展面临着政治参与的压力、政治资源的流失、利益整合和政治稳定的挑战。应构建合理的社会阶层结构,合理定位各阶层地位,建立健全各阶层利益表达机制,加强和改善党的领导,以适应社会阶层分化的趋势,促进政治的发展。     

企业科研单位思想政治工作预警机制初探

科研单位的思想政治工作在新时期新形势下面临许多前所未有的困难,有针对性地做好科研人员的思想政治工作是全面完成科研生产任务、实现改革发展稳定的重要保障。在分析企业科研单位建立思想政治工作预警机制的必要性的基础上,建立了由信息收集系统、信息分析系统、问题解决系统、信息反馈系统和监督考核系统等五个方面构成的企业科研单位思想政治工作预警系统,并分析了预警系统的工作流程,提出了需要注意的问题。     

The political economy of tourism in North Africa: Comparative perspectives

Tourism has become a salient sector in the economic‐development strategies of North Africa, despite the fact that the states of the region have met with varying degrees of success in their attempts to expand and develop their tourism sectors. This article adopts a political‐economy approach to the analysis of tourism in North Africa. Its aims are to highlight the main aspects of the region's political economy that have influenced outcomes in the tourism sector of each country, and then to explain the political dynamics that underlie the tourism sectors of the region. This article asserts that all North African states now have embraced tourism—albeit with varying amounts of enthusiasm—as a key economic industry. It examines the relationship between tourism and economic reform in the region, followed by the political dynamics of the sector, arguing that tourism is a very political affair, but for reasons different than in other sectors of the economy. It concludes with some observations on the strategic and developmental challenges that confront the development of tourism in North Africa. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.