财富观的演进与对外贸易政策的变迁

本文认为,财富观的不同,即人们对财富内涵、财富来源的理解不同,是导致国家对外贸易政策差异的重要原因。财富观的演变是对外贸易政策演进的基本驱动因素。在某种程度上可以说,一国对外贸易政策演变的历史反映了该国主流财富观演进的轨迹。以生产资源配置全球化、消费全球化和经济制度全球趋同为主旋律的经济全球化是世界经济发展的基本趋势。随着现代信息技术、通讯技术、运输技术的发展,经济全球化还将进一步发展,任何拒绝融入全球经济的国家,其国民福利和财富的增长潜力都将受到很大损失。基于此,国际贸易自由化将继续发展,国际贸易政策在重复博弈的过程中将逐步趋同,但在不同产业间,国际贸易政策趋同的程度将有很大差异。     

Successes and dangers of Japanese foreign trade strategy

Japan's high and increasing trade and current account surpluses have aroused in the other industrialized nations a growing fear of Far Eastern competition. Some countries consider that protectionist measures are the only suitable response to increasing imports from Japan. Japan's “unfair” conduct of its foreign trade is often cited as a reason for such a reaction. Is this reproach justified? What can be done to avert the dangers to both Japan's foreign trade and the world economy caused by this situation?     

对外贸易政策类型的实证研究

当各国处于不同的历史时期，不同的经济发展水平；不同的统治集团对本国的统治以及各国对各自利益追求的差异性，其对外贸易政策也就舍出现不同的特征。本文在对国家对外贸易政策的国别分析上，采用实证的分析手段——聚类分析，即根据世界经济论坛和瑞士国际管理发展学院提出的国家保护主义指标，将保护贸易政策分为高、中、低度保护三类，并且对各类之间的关系又进一步作了结构分析。     

论海外直接投资与贸易的关系

从理论上讲,对外直接投资与国际贸易的关系即存在互补性,也具有相互替代性,这要根据母国(或跨国公司)投资的动机、类型和发展阶段而定.本文回顾了发达国家和发展中国家在此方面的实践,并结合我国海外投资与贸易出口的实际,按几个行业分别分析了海外投资与贸易的互补或替代关系.论文认为,由于投资行业的特点和投资区域的不同,海外投资对我国对外贸易的影响要视具体的投资行业和投资区域而定.从目前看,政府应该给予具有贸易创造效应的海外投资在政策上的大力支持.     

Floating exchange rates and their problems for the developing countries

The following article deals with the reasons for the fierce resistance of the developing countries to the system of floating exchange rates which the industrialized countries are favouring at present. It examines the consequences of floating exchange rates for the foreign trade, indebtedness and reserves of the developing countries and their implications for the situation in their domestic economies as a whole.     

中美贸易逆差探源与对策分析

中美贸易逆差的原因与美国的出口管制制度、美国偏低的储蓄率、中美两国不同的产业结构、不一致的统计标准、中国大量吸收外国直接投资等有关。中国可以通过政策鼓励从美国进口、完善公平贸易政策、转变贸易增长方式、扩大国内需求等方式正确处理中美贸易不平衡问题。     

《洛美协定》对当前中非经贸合作的启示

近年来,中非经贸合作日益加强。随着非洲地区经济进入快速增长期,美欧等发达国家开始积极调整对非经贸政策以应对中国在非洲经贸关系中地位的迅速提升。在此背景下,中非经贸政策安排将面临欧美国家的挑战。与非洲经贸关系有着制度性整体安排并卓有成效的当属欧盟与以非洲国家为主的非加太地区签署的《洛美协定》,其可以为中非经贸合作提供有益借鉴。本文将深入梳理、分析《洛美协定》产生的历史背景和核心内容,并对当前中非经贸合作安排提出相关建议。     

Don't stop with the one-stop shop: Foreign investment in a liberalizing third world

Developing countries around the world are liberalizing their trade and investment regimes. This paper, based on a multiyear, multicountry study, assesses the likely impact of these new trade and investment policies on foreign investment projects. It points to the divergence between rhetoric and reality that often characterizes the new investment policies and institutions. Indeed, the study suggests that, for many foreign investors, changes in trade policy are likely to be more significant than changes in investment policy. The paper provides recommendations to investors on how to take advantage of the new policies they are likely to encounter in developing countries. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

我国农产品对外贸易政策变迁及成长环境研究

文章回溯了入世前后我国农产品对外贸易的政策变迁.从"中心-外围"视角阐释了我国农产品对外贸易的外部环境:发达国家沿用各种支持农业的高额补贴政策;发达国家采用各种保护农业的贸易壁垒措施.从"逆向选择"视角阐释了我国农产品对外贸易的内部条件:农产品低价恶性竞争现象日益凸显;农产品质量安全保障体系存在缺陷.解读了规避不公平贸易政府行为的国际组织及它们的作用,具体包括:世贸组织及其公平竞争原则;国际公平贸易标识组织及其主要任务、公平贸易标识及其对农产品的适用性、公平贸易标识的潜在收益及其获取条件.     

Foreign influence and welfare

How do foreign interests influence policy? How are trade policies and the viability of trade agreements affected? What are the welfare implications of such foreign influence? In this paper we develop a model of foreign influence and apply it to the study of optimal tariffs. In a two-country voting model of electoral competition, we allow the incumbent party in each country to take costly actions that probabilistically affect the electoral outcome in the other country. We show that policies end up maximizing a weighted sum of domestic and foreign welfare. Using this formulation we show that foreign influence increases aggregate world welfare when there are no other means of alleviating the externalities that arise from cross-border effects of policies. In contrast, when countries can engage in international agreements, foreign influence can prove harmful as powerful countries may refuse to offer concessions. We also show that power imbalances are particularly detrimental to cooperation when they are positively correlated with economic size.     

Agriculture in Eastern European countries: Light at the end of the tunnel?

Following recent events in East European countries the question has arisen as to what effect the possible changes in the agricultural policies of these countries might have on agricultural production and trade. Our author addresses this question paying special regard to the consequences for EC agriculture and the present GATT Round.     

A causal relationship between trade efficiency and economic efficiency: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous equations models

The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between economic efficiency and trade efficiency using dynamic panel data in simultaneous equations models for global panel of 50 countries over the period 2000–2014. The study also implements this interrelationship for two groups of countries based on their level of development. Two models applying different factors reflecting countries’ economic and trade policies are proposed to measure the targeted efficiencies using data envelopment analysis method. Evidence from the simultaneous equations models to identify a relationship between economic efficiency and trade efficiency supports the bidirectional causality between them in all three categories of countries. It has been also found that both economic and institutional factors have a significant positive influence on trade and growth performance, with the effect of political factors being especially pronounced for developing countries that suffer from weak institutional capacity. These empirical findings are of particular interest to policy-makers as they help to build sound policies in order to maximize trade performance as well as economic efficiency.     

Innovation and Trade Policy Coordination: The Role of Firm Heterogeneity

Recent studies have concluded that R&D grants can induce firms to export and that exporting and innovating can be complementary activities at the firm level. Yet the trade literature has paid little attention to the scope of innovation policy as a stimulus to both trade and innovation. To investigate this question, we rely on a general workhorse model of trade and firm heterogeneity with firm investments in R&D activities. The interplay of innovation and trade policies uncover novel results. In particular, we show that the effects of either policy depend on the degree of protectionism in a country. Therefore, countries can respond differently to the same policy, and similarly to different policies. In such a context, different governments may face different trade‐offs in achieving a given target.     

US trade preferences and export performance of developing countries: Evidence from the generalized system of preferences

Preferential market access such as the generalized system of preferences (GSP) is clearly recognized as a way of enabling developing countries export their way out of poverty. It has been a vital feature of industrialized countries' commercial policy for nearly 30 years. This study empirically explores the linkages between US trade preferences under the GSP and beneficiary country exports. Using a large US import database covering over 120 developing countries, the study examines the extent to which GSP influences export performance. The results largely indicate that the GSP has a significant and positive effect on beneficiary exports to US for all country and product groups. A proper understanding of this relationship will help donors and recipients devise appropriate policies to help encourage the growth and diversification of exports that is so vital for developing countries.     

Trade policy in developing countries

Development institutions are currently revising their traditional positions on the question of adequate trade policies for developing countries. Against this background the following article takes stock of the degree to which developing countries have become integrated into the world economy and considers the opportunities and risks which the integration process presents. Problems confronting national policies in less successful developing countries are then outlined which make further, efficient integration of these countries into the world economy more difficult. Finally, policies are identified which could ease further integration.     

Trade liberalization in asian newly industrialized countries

Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan are often perceived as having achieved similar trade patterns; nevertheless, their trade policies and patterns differ in fundamental respects. In this study, three models are considered and different aspects of the trade liberalization policies of these three countries are highlighted. The model of South Korea underscores the significance of product market concentration in restraining real wage growth and contributing to income inequality. The model of Singapore highlights the role of foreign investment in producing manufactured goods for export and in raising real wages. The factor proportions model of a labor-abundant economy adequately describes the Taiwanese liberalization. The model's predictions of rising real wages and no monopoly profits are consistent with Taiwan's declining income inequality.     

新冠肺炎疫情对外贸影响的研究

2020年春节前,新冠肺炎疫情来势汹汹,给我国交通运输、餐饮业等服务业带来了巨大打击,特别是外贸受到较大影响,不仅延迟复工影响到外贸订单履行,疫情让一些国家取消中国企业订单,严厉的管制措施影响到外贸活动的开展,而且一些国家的恶意推动恶化了中国外贸环境。应进一步加强与国际组织和相关国家的沟通、实施力度更大的积极财政政策、加大对重点行业的扶持力度、持续改善投资环境,为我国外贸健康发展保驾护航。     

Implications of the introduction of the Euro for the Mediterranean countries

The Mediterranean peripheral countries cannot afford to be passive viewers of the fundamental changes that are taking place in Europe after the introduction of the Euro. The new developments pose formidable challenges and opportunities. It will be argued that no single group of developing countries will be more affected by these changes than the Mediterranean countries given their geographical proximity to the region and their long historical record of extensive and large economic interactions (trade, finance, and migration). This article examines the implications of the introduction of the single currency in Europe on Mediterranean central bank reserves and foreign external liabilities, trade and capital flow, and exchange rate policies. It is shown that since most Mediterranean trade is with the EU, Mediterranean central banks will be necessitated to hold major portions of their foreign exchange reserves in Euros. Also, a Mediterranean currency peg to the Euro, or to a basket of currencies where the Euro is allocated, will be important in reducing financial and trade transaction costs. It will also be hypothesized that Mediterranean foreign debts will eventually have to be converted to Euros. Finally, parallels between this region and the U.S–Caribbean region will be drawn to reinforce the argument that trade and capital dependence will eventually lead to a pegging of the Mediterranean currencies to the Euro. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Outlook for industrial east-west cooperation

The proportion of the foreign trade exchanges between the industrialized countries of the West and the CMEA states which is attributable to industrial cooperation does not so far exceed an estimated 5–10 p.c.¹ Nevertheless it would be wrong to make light of this cooperation, for it is a manifestation of a new strategy in the competition between the systems and designed to bring about substantial structural changes in their foreign trade². Both these aspects are important for an assessment of future prospects and to be discussed here in some detail.     

Japan’s relations with South East Asia

Practically all the governments of countries in South East Asia have observed with close attention, and in some cases with deep mistrust and concern, recent developments of Japan’s foreign and foreign trade policies. Memories of the Imperlalist period of the Japanese Empire are still over-shadowing the relations of these countries with Japan.