Diffusion der Biogastechnologie in der Schweiz: eine GIS-basierte Multiagenten-Simulation

In this article we introduce a GIS-based multi-agent simulation model. It is used to study the spatial diffusion dynamics of agricultural biogas plants in Switzerland, which lags markedly behind those in the neighboring countries Austria and Germany. The investigation concentrates in particular on the impacts of economic factors and of locally available resources on the diffusion process. The model considers three different types of plants (100 kW_el, 200 kW_el, 1 MW_el). The results show that feed-in tariffs, cosubstrate prices and the revenues from heat sales are critical parameters. They indicate further that the present promotion policy fosters smaller plants, whereas larger plants are preferred only in few areas with high substrate densities. Finally, we find evidence that increased heat sales can significantly raise diffusion dynamics, and that the higher feed-in tariffs planned in Switzerland could actually overcompensate deteriorating cosubstrate prices.     

石家庄市城镇污水处理技术现状与展望

在对石家庄市城镇污水处理厂进行全面的调查基础上,概述了城镇污水处理厂的建设和新技术应用现状,针对目前存在的一些问题提出改进意见,并对今后城镇污水处理厂的发展进行了展望。     

Utilization of R&D Results in the Home and Foreign Plants of Multinationals

This paper analyzes the utilization of R&D results in the home and foreign plants of Swedish multinational enterprises (MNEs). The findings indicate that firms' R&D undertaken in the home country is used as an input in both the home and foreign plants of the MNEs. This suggests that technology is transferred to the foreign plants. Around four-fifths of the gain in value-added attributed to home R&D was realized in the MNEs' home plants, while the remaining fifth benefitted the foreign plants. R&D in foreign affiliates does not appear to be used as an input in home plants.     

Wage Discrimination, Segregation, and Sex Differences in Wages and Productivity Within and Between Plants

We use panel data on Israeli manufacturing plants to test two explanations of lower wages and lower productivity in plants with a higher percentage of females: (1) within plants women are paid less and are less productive, consistent with no discrimination, and (2) women are segregated into lower-wage and lower-productivity plants. Although the variation in productivity across plants appears to stem from differences in productivity between men and women, the estimates suggest no within-plant wage differential between men and women.     

Vergleichende Analyse der technisch-wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen von PV-Anlagen Mit Süd- und Ost-West-Ausrichtung

PV power plants with east-west-orientation have a lower energy production per installed kW_p due to their orientation than those facing to south. Thus they need a reduction of costs to compensate the lack of energy production and to have the same cost effectiveness as PV plants with south-orientation. This paper tries to show, how and if PV plants with east-west-orientation can be more profitable than PV plants with south-orientation. Therefore, the energy production was simulated for PV plants with an orientation to east-west and to south with different inclinations in a place with high irradiation (Freiburg) and a place with low irradiation (Hamburg). A calculation of profitability was made for each PV plant including energy production as well as ascertained costs. This are the main outcomes:

The profitability of PV plants with east-west-orientation is not better than the profitability of PV plants with south-orientation.

The profitability of PV plants with east-west-orientation is better than the one of PV plants with south-orientation when the costs of mounting systems are much lower for east-west mounting-systems than for mounting-systems with south-orientation and the costs of grid-connection and rent are high too.

The profitability of PV plants with east-west-orientation is higher in regions with low irradiation.

     

Antidumping Duties and Plant-Level Restructuring

This paper examines the effect of antidumping duties on the restructuring activities of protected plants. Using a dataset that contains the full population of U.S. manufacturers, I find that protected plants increase their capital intensities modestly relative to unprotected plants, but only when antidumping duties have been in place for a sufficient duration. I find little effect of antidumping duties on a proxy for the skilled labor intensity of protected plants.     

Estimation of investment costs in fish processing plants

Investment costs for fish processing plants are hereby presented along with a detailed analysis of different types of processes in relation to economies of scale.The cost-capacity factor for fish industry is estimated as 0.84, except for fish meal plants where the cost-capacity factor is 0.61.It is also discussed how technology, capacity and location in developed and developing countries can affect investment costs for fish processing plants, while cost-capacity factors remain unchanged.The concept of minimum limit for industrial capacity is included. Investment costs for minimum size plants or plants below minimum size are even greater than what would correspond to the correlation line. This is due to the need to incorporate one or more oversized pieces of equipment.     

半干法循环流化床脱硫副产物的综合利用

随着钢厂和燃煤电厂的大规模建设,控制钢厂及电厂SO2的排放已成为降低中国SO2排放总量的重要措施,随之而产生的大量脱硫灰的综合利用亦成为亟待解决的问题。介绍了脱硫灰的形成及其特性,并对目前国内外循环流化床烧结脱硫灰及电厂脱硫灰的利用现状进行分析,提出了烧结脱硫灰可用作水泥生产助磨剂和水泥缓凝剂及制备生态型水泥的全新利用方式,从而实现脱硫灰变废为宝。     

西北区域自备电厂情况调查分析

西北区域企业自备电厂发展迅速，在保证电力供应、促进地方经济发展、吸引投资等方面发挥了重要作用。同时自备电厂立项建设和运行管理失序，也对电力行业健康发展造成较大的负面影响。在对西北区域自备电厂基本情况进行分析的基础上，指出其目前在运营中存在的问题，并给出了改进建议。     

How Different Are Human Resource Practices in Japanese “Transplants” in the United Kingdom?

Are the practices in Japanese plants really prototypical of a universal commitment-maximizing approach, or do they largely mirror local conventions? The research reported here aims to address this question by comparing the personnel practices of Japanese manufacturing plants in the United Kingdom and a similar sample of non-Japanese plants. It shows that the extent of high-commitment management is significantly higher among the Japanese plants and moreover that the practices associated with it are used in distinctive ways. As such there is no evidence of a wholesale “Japanization” of British industry. The study shows that the difference between Japanese and non-Japanese plants partly reflects their being Japanese, although the Japanese seniority plus merit pay (nenko) system has not been fully adopted. Nor is the current extent of fully fledged just-in-time in Japanese plants sufficient to account for the difference; yet the author concludes by suggesting that their managements' commitment to developing this still may be crucial.     

采油厂质量文化建设的思考

从促进工作效率提升、增强队伍凝聚力、激发员工创新力3个方面阐述了推进采油厂质量文化建设的意义,并从领导重视、培训宣贯、基础制度建设等方面对采油厂推进质量文化建设的方法和途径进行了论证。指出,采油厂只要将质量文化建设贯穿于油田开发工作始终,积极营造富有生机、充满活力的质量文化氛围,就能促进采油厂"有质量、有效益、可持续发展"。     

我国化工行业上市公司企业竞争力监测与分析

企业竞争力特别是对于企业监测目前是各界所关注的问题。在此以中国社会科学院工业经济研究所与《中国经营报》共同开发的“中国经营报企业竞争力监测体系（CBCM）”为基础对我国化工行业上市公司的竞争力进行监测。通过对监测的结果分析，得出了化工行业内部效率对竞争力的总贡献与净贡献均较大；产品市场竞争力对竞争力的净贡献最小，而且远小于要素市场及内部效率对竞争力的净贡献。这说明化工行业目前已经初步从外延式的增长转变为了内涵式的增长，企业已经越业越依靠效率提升竞争力。     

Are Losers Picked? An Empirical Analysis of Capacity Divestment and Production Reallocation in the Japanese Cement Industry

As demand in an industry shrinks, pressure for the reduction of capacity arises. A key issue is whether plants which, from an efficiency perspective, should reduce output in fact do so. Focusing on the Japanese cement industry, we examine whether less efficient plants reduce capacity. We find that less efficient firms are not more likely to reduce capacity than more efficient firms; however, less efficient plants within a multi‐plant firm are more likely to reduce capacity than more efficient plants. In addition, we find that this divestment pattern has led to a substantial drop in industry‐wide allocative efficiency.     

非洲炼油厂的现状与发展前景

在半个世纪的历史长河中，非洲炼油业从无到有，炼油能力从小到大，炼厂结构从简单型到综合型；为了实现汽油无铅化，遵循欧洲标准，炼厂就得升级改造；若以原油形式出口改为油品形式出口，炼厂就得扩能；欲满足未来油品市场的潜在需求，非洲就得新建炼厂。因此，非洲炼油业面临的是挑战，带来的是机遇。     

Offshoring Pollution while Offshoring Production?

Research summary: We examine the role of firm strategy in the global effort to combat pollution. We find that U.S. plants release less toxic emissions when their parent firm imports more from low‐wage countries (LWCs). Consistent with the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, goods imported by U.S. firms from LWCs are in more pollution‐intensive industries. U.S. plants shift production to less pollution‐intensive industries, produce less waste, and spend less on pollution abatement when their parent imports more from LWCs. The negative impact of LWC imports on emissions is stronger for U.S. plants located in counties with greater institutional pressure for environmental performance, but weaker for more‐capable U.S. plants and firms. These results highlight the role of local institutions and firm capability in explaining firms' offshoring and environmental strategies. Managerial summary: Using confidential trade, production, and pollution data of more than 8,000 firms and 18,000 plants from the U.S. Census Bureau for years 1992–2009, we find that U.S. plants release less toxic emissions when their parent firm imports more from low‐wage countries (LWCs). In addition, goods imported by U.S. firms from LWCs are in more pollution‐intensive industries. U.S. plants shift production to less pollution‐intensive industries, produce less waste, and spend less on pollution abatement when their parent imports more from LWCs. However, not all U.S. firms choose to “offshore pollution.” U.S. plants located in counties with greater institutional pressure for environmental performance offshore more, but more‐capable U.S. plants and firms offshore less. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Unions and Employment Growth

Employment grows about 4 percentage points per year more slowly in union than in nonunion plants. This first examination of union employment effects at the plant level suggests that unionized plants face substantial competitive pressure. As much as 61 percent of the decline in the present unionized may be accounted for by slower employment growth in union plants     

对智能化水电厂的认识与实践

阐述了传统水电厂的地位和现状,针对其不足,提出了建设智能化水电厂的必要性和可行性;介绍了智能化水电厂的主要内涵和特征,并以东北电网公司白山发电厂为例,分析了对其进行智能化改造的总体设计思路和系统体系枸架,以及智能调度、状态检修、大坝安全、防汛决策支持、联动等功能,从节能增效、经济及社会效益等角度,对智能化水电厂的运行进行了分析。     

从聚丙烯装置的高速建设看未来我国丙烯市场压力

近年来，随着我国国民经济的持续高速发展，我国聚丙烯市场消费量逐年较大幅度上升。为了满足国内对聚丙烯日益增长的需求，聚丙烯业界将投资高度集中在聚丙烯装置建设方面，分别采用独资、合资方式建设聚丙烯装置，国内已掀起新一轮聚丙烯建设高潮。在未来4～5年，我国将有8套世界级规模的聚丙烯装置投产，合计能力达到2．19～2．34Mt／a，聚丙烯装置的高速建设无疑对其原料丙烯的供应带来一定的压力。文章分析了丙烯行业状况，未来丙烯市场可能出现的供不应求趋势以及相应的解决方案。     

城镇污水处理厂监管问题探讨

城镇污水处理厂的正常运行是保证区域环境质量达标的关键。指出了当前污水处理厂监管、运行存在的问题,提出了污水处理厂应实行企业化运作的见解,阐述了政府各部门在城市收水系统中各自的职能和分工,并对污水处理厂超标排放的处罚措施进行了探讨。