迪恩·麦肯奈尔旅游社会学思想解读——兼评《旅游者:休闲阶层新论》

美国著名旅游社会学家迪恩·麦肯奈尔(Dean.MacCannell)的《旅游者:休闲阶层新论》(The Tourist:A New Theory of the Leisure Class)一书是20世纪以来西方旅游社会学研究中最具代表性意义的研究著作。该书以"舞台化真实""景观神圣化""旅游吸引物的符号化"等理论为依据,从旅游者和旅游吸引物的研究着手,将同一时期社会学中盛行的结构功能分析和符号互动的方法引入旅游现象分析,以探讨旅游与现代社会文化结构变迁之间的关系,从理论和研究方法层面为旅游社会学的学科发展奠定了坚实的基础。该书在西方旅游社会学界和人类学界一直享有极高的美誉。近年来,旅游社会学的研究日益得到了国内学者的关注,然而相较于国外,无论是学科体系还是理论基础都显得极为羸弱。在此背景下,通过梳理历史以重拾经典对该书予以系统审视,总结其旅游社会学的学术思想,对于深化国内学者对国外旅游社会学知识体系的认识,构建国内旅游社会学学科发展框架,扩宽其研究路径,进而实现西方旅游社会学研究成果的本土化无疑是大有裨益的。     

本真性理论在旅游研究中的应用

本文回顾了现代旅游中"本真性"概念及从"客观主义--建构主义--后现代主义--存在主义"的发展阶段,分析了"本真性"概念在西方旅游研究中所涉及的"本真性、旅游动机与旅游体验"、"本真性与文化商品化"以及"本真性、怀旧与遗产旅游"等主要问题.文章指出,"本真性"作为20世纪60年代以来西方旅游社会学研究中的核心概念,它是人们对现代旅游"好恶交织"的心理反映,揭示了现代旅游现象中的社会现实及存在的问题.     

浅议社会表象理论(Social RePresentation Theory)在旅游学研究中的应用

旅游作为一门跨多个学科领域的应用科学，其学科发展往往会涉及社会学、心理学、人类学、地理学等各相关学科的研究成果。而目前旅游学研究中具体实证研究有余而基础理论工作相对不足的局面已经阻碍了旅游学作为一个学科体系的确立、完善和向前发展。本文试对社会心理学中新兴的“社会表象理论”(Social Representation Theory)以及近年来国外学术界将该理论引入旅游学研究的基本情况作一个简单的介绍，以期能够为国内旅游学界的相关研究工作起到一点参考作用。     

国际旅游研究的转向与中国青年旅游学者的使命和责任

正一、中国旅游研究的阶段演变现代意义的中国旅游研究始于20世纪80年代,以陈传康、申葆嘉、吴楚材等为代表①的老一辈学者分别从地理学、经济学、林学等学科领域开启了旅游地理学、旅游经济学和森林旅游学的研究。经过几代人的努力,中国旅游研究大致经历了三个阶段:从实践中提出问题阶段。这个阶段,老一辈学者根据现实发展的需要,提出了旅游研究的问题。     

旅游规划与管理中利益相关者研究进展

国外旅游研究在20世纪80年代中后期引入“利益相关者”概念，并在20世纪90年代中期开始进行相关研究；近年来，我国学者也开始在旅游规划与管理中引入利益相关者分析方法和理论。本文对国内外旅游研究中有关利益相关者分析方法和利益相关者管理的研究成果进行综述，并对今后国内关于利益相关者研究的方向作了思考。     

西方事件及事件旅游研究的概念、内容、方法与启发(下)

事件及事件旅游(Event ＆ Event Tourism，简称E＆ET)已经成为西方旅游研究的热点之一。在研究大量文献的基础上，作者对西方主要国家事件及事件旅游的研究情况和学科发展进行了系列介绍。全部介绍共分6个部分。本文是第4至第6部分。第4部分对事件及事件旅游的研究内容进行了归纳总结，总结了事件及事件旅游研究的五大内容和三大框架。第5部分介绍了事件及事件旅游研究两个重点领域的研究情况：第1节对体育赛事与体育旅游进行了介绍，着重分析了奥运会及其旅游效应的研究，对体育旅游(Sport Tourism)和休闲体育(Leisure Sport)的研究进行了评价；第2节介绍了节事的旅游效应，归纳了节事旅游研究的重点领域。第6部分在分析我国相关研究情况的基础上，结合西方的研究趋势，对我国事件及事件旅游的研究进行了展望，提出了4个研究重点与方向。     

交叉学科视角下的旅游者幸福感研究

<正>经济的发展、技术的进步、社会的变迁都应将提升人类福祉作为重要目标，因而有关幸福感以及如何提升幸福感很早就引发了研究者们的广泛关注和讨论。特别是20世纪80年代以来，有关幸福感的研究迅速在多学科领域展开，积累了丰硕的研究成果。国内外学者推动着幸福感在研究层面与多元学科渗透，逐渐形成了哲学、经济学、社会学、心理学和管理学等综合发展的交叉学科体系，并呈现出交融并济的良好发展态势。不同学科领域对幸福感的探索和论证为旅游领域的幸福感研究奠定了重要的研究积累，特别是为旅游者幸福感的基础理论、理论构建等方面的研究提供了重要的学理基础和理论分析框架。     

前范式时期西方旅游人类学研究的性状——管窥《旅游研究年报》创刊十年

在20世纪七八十年代,西方旅游人类学的勃兴与《旅游研究年报》期刊的发展之间存在明显的互相促进关系。《旅游研究年报》的创刊是西方旅游社会科学诞生的重要标志之一。该刊的早期发展主要依托社会科学各门类的介入性研究,其中文化人类学是塑造其早期发展轨迹的五门重要学科之一;同样,《旅游研究年报》也是建构旅游学各门类（包括旅游人类学）子学科的重要平台。本研究以学术期刊为研究对象,窥探知识生产的变迁与相关学科的命运,从《旅游研究年报》的创刊实践中缕析西方旅游人类学的“前范式”性状,为理解其动态发展过程奠定认识基础,并树立反思之镜。     

充分合理开发:奥运旅游的重要议题

奥运已经成为了众多学科研究的热点问题,涉及面也十分宽广。一般认为,奥林匹克运动会,与大规模的公众消费、相关设施和基础设施的建设、城市的再发展和再繁荣等问题相联系,这些都会对当地社会造成相当大的影响。但是,将奥运作为一个事件来考察,研究其经济影响,一直都是一个十分重要的方面。20世纪80年代,美国经济研究会就对洛杉矶奥运会的经济影响进行了系统研究。20世纪90年代,开始采用“投入—产出系统模型”研究亚特兰大奥运会的经济影响。21世纪,奥运旅游的研究成为一个重要的内容,关于2000年悉尼奥运会的旅游效应研究,成果就十分系统了…     

国内外城镇旅游研究综述

自18世纪40年代以来,随着西方工业革命进程,发达国家经济发展迅猛,刺激了以定居为目的的城镇化进程以及以旅居为目的的旅游业发展。国外对城镇旅游的研究始于19世纪70年代,早期国外对小城镇旅游依附于城市旅游和乡村旅游的研究。直到20世纪70年代以后,才获得了独立的研究地位,研究的领域主要集中于旅游与城镇的关系,规划、经济与管理等。21世纪初,城镇化和旅游业两大经济浪潮推高了中国城镇旅游,其研究注重旅游对欠发达地区社会、经济和环境的综合效益研究,及对重大国家发展战略的溢出效益,其重心是城镇旅游开发与经营管理,近期开始关注城镇旅游的可持续发展问题。综述表明,城镇旅游及其研究越来越成为产业界和学术界的重大事件。     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

The failure of ‘control’ in the hospitality industry

This paper explores the relationship between the literature on the issue of control and the realities of the hospitality industry. Management control is related to the unsanctioned entrepreneurial activities of operatives (illustrated by the ‘taxi scam’), the failure of computer systems used to control operatives, and the failure of the hospitality industry to exploit the potential of the new technology. The paper suggests that management's (and a significant part of the literature in this area) failure within hospitality is linked to the perception of the role of the hospitality manager as one of policing the industry.     

A tourist space-time budget in the Shetland Islands

This paper addresses the need to better understand tourist pressure in selected regions of the Shetland Islands, United Kingdom, using measures of space, time, perception, region, and core-periphery. Normally an economic theory, core-periphery was applied in the context of this study as a locational and mental construct in examining tourism group movement (behavior). Respondents were placed into two groups on the basis of their activitybased motivations for visiting Shetland and asked to complete a daily space-time budget regarding their use of attractions, facilities, accommodation, and transportation. It was discovered that both groups differed marginally in their space-time use of the aforementioned variables within the various regions of Shetland.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.