中国高速铁路技术经济分析

在综合交通体系中。铁路具有运输能力大、成本低、能源消耗少、环境污染轻、占地少等技术经济优势,高速铁路的技术经济优势则更为显著。立足于中国国情,从技术特点、经济性、可持续发展三方面对中国高速铁路与相关运输方式的技术经济特征进行分析和比较。同时结合我国经济发展特点,就能源消耗、土地资源利用、安全等方面采用量化分析的方法对高速铁路与相关运输方式进行比较分析。     

混合型TOPSIS法在城市综合交通枢纽换乘评价中的应用

在分析影响城市综合交通枢纽换乘若干因素的基础上,根据各种交通运输方式间的换乘规律及特征,建立相应的评价指标体系,将评价的属性因素归纳为协调性、顺畅性、直捷性、便捷性和舒适性,运用逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS法)对相应的指标进行综合评价。通过实例分析说明应用方法和效果。     

城市轨道交通车站旅客换乘效率评价模型研究

通过分析城市轨道交通车站换乘系统,从快速性、便捷性、舒适性和安全性方面构建城市轨道交通车站旅客换乘效率评价指标体系。运用灰色系统理论,建立基于综合灰色关联加权法的城市轨道交通车站换乘效率评价模型。以重庆轻轨2号线车站为例,计算了5个车站的换乘效率综合评价值并进行排序,认为该评价模型具有一定的可操作性和实用性。     

低碳经济下重庆市主城区公共交通发展策略分析

从当前二氧化碳排放导致全球变暖角度入手,分析交通运输在能源消耗与排放中的地位及交通行业节能减排的必要性。通过对重庆市主城区公共交通能耗和排放现状的分析,按照低碳经济的要求,提出重庆市主城区公共交通发展策略应分2个阶段进行,一方面满足低碳排放,另一方面满足居民日常出行和经济社会发展的需要。以低碳经济为目标,将清洁机制引入交通行业,探索重庆市公共交通切合实际、清洁有效的发展道路。     

铁路可持续发展评价体系研究

从社会经济、运输能力及经济效益、能源消耗、安全可靠性、环境保护等方面建立铁路可持续发展的客观评价指标体系,采用层次分析法与模糊识别理论相结合的多级模糊综合评价方法进行计算,对我国铁路的可持续发展性进行纵向定量评价。纵向评价结果显示,当前我国铁路处于＂弱可持续发展＂级别,在可持续发展阶段中属于中等偏下状态。其中能源资源消耗状况处于基本可持续发展级别,显示了铁路运输方式的优势;但运输安全状况值得关注,需要增强对运输安全的管理和技术投入。     

交通运输资源循环利用的探讨

正交通运输会消耗土地、能源、气候等资源,因而需积极发展资源转化技术,促进循环经济的发展,完善回收利用资源技术体系。要不断提高生产力和能源效率,实现交通资源低投入、高产出,减少能源消耗,减少废物排放提高资源回收率,减少不可再生资源的使用。交通运输资源循环利用能促进环境保护力度的增强,使交通工程生态修复取得明显进展,污染物排放强度进一步降低,资     

城市轨道交通低碳经济评价研究

在阐述城市低碳经济内涵的基础上,通过对城市轨道交通方式能源消耗和排放量的比较,以及对城市环境质量和生态影响的分析,以武汉市轨道交通2号线为例,运用层次分析法与模糊综合评价相结合的方法,定量测算了城市轨道交通在节能、减排方面的贡献,在城市环境质量和城市生态方面的影响,并提出相应的政策建议。     

综合性能检测中的人为因素

机动车综合性能检测是机动车车辆技术管理的主要内容。是检查、鉴定车辆技术状况和维修质量的重要手段。机动车综合性能检测主要包括机动车的动力性、经济性、安全性、可靠性和噪声、排放污染物的检测和评价。机动车综合性能检测为保障营运车辆技术状况完好提供了强有力的技术支持,同时也是道路运输管理机构实施车辆技术管理工作的重要手段,     

铁路在综合交通运输体系中的比较优势

对综合交通运输体系中的铁路、公路、水路、航空、管道等运输方式,从土地占用、能源消耗、环境污染和运输安全4个方面进行分析,说明铁路具有运量大而占地较少、能耗较低、环境污染较小、安全保障好的比较优势,加快发展铁路有利于节能降耗、减少污染,促进我国经济社会又好又快发展。     

众泰Z100轿车尾气排放实测数据与分析

为改善空气质量,对机动车排放污染进行有效控制已成为我国环境保护一项刻不容缓的任务。本文采用工况检测法实测众泰2100轿车尾气排放数据,得出3种主要污染物CO、HC、NOx的排放量,由此分析众泰Z100轿车的尾气排放特性及尾气排放控制技术特点,提出控制汽车尾气排放有害物质的措施。     

Analysis of active school transportation in hilly urban environments: A case study of Dresden

This paper analyses the way students travel to school and examines the influence of environmental conditions on travel patterns. More specifically, it studies how topographic changes affect the likelihood of choosing cycling as a transport mode. We use mode choice data on students' home-to-school commuting trips from a previous study by Müller et al. (2008). The results show that models perform better when they account for the topographic conditions of the urban environment. We included this information in the model by introducing the “energy exerted” variable, which significantly improves the model and the results. The implications of this study are manifold; it guides the consolidation or expansion of school-based transportation network planning in Germany and prompts further analysis of active transportation systems, such as bike, pedelec and e-bike sharing systems. Overall, transportation policy should seek to foster active transportation, as it provides the greatest benefits for society and has a direct impact on people's well-being, while notably reducing the negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts of motorized transport.     

基于旅客分担率的运输方式竞争力评价

基于运输通道基本理论,结合各种运输方式在通道内的竞争关系,分析以旅客分担率进行运输方式竞争力评价的合理性,选取经济性、快速性、方便性、舒适性和安全性指标,建立各种运输方式的效用函数和预测旅客分担率的多元Logit模型,计算和评价旅客分担率。以成渝运输通道为例的计算结果表明,该模型可以为运输企业提高竞争力提供依据。     

A two-stage residential location and transport mode choice model with exposure to traffic-induced air pollution

Air pollution is an increasing concern to urban residents. In response, residents are beginning to adapt their travel behaviour and to consider local air quality when choosing a home. We study implications of such behaviour for the morphology of cities and population exposure to traffic-induced air pollution. To do so, we propose a spatially explicit and integrated residential location and transport mode choice model for a city with traffic-induced air pollution. Intra-urban spatial patterns of population densities, transport mode choices, and resulting population exposure are analysed for urban settings of varying levels of health concern and air pollution information available to residents. Numerical analysis of the feedback between residential location choice and transport mode choice, and between residents' choices and the subsequent potential impact on their own health suggests that increased availability of information on spatially variable traffic-induced health concerns shifts population towards suburban areas with availability of public transport. Thus, health benefits result from reduced population densities close to urban centres in this context. To mitigate population exposure, our work highlights the need for spatially explicit information on peoples' air pollution concerns and, on this basis, spatially differentiated integrated land use and transport measures.     

沿江高速铁路建设实施方案研究

随着长江沿线城市化进程的加快和经济社会的发展,既有沪汉蓉铁路已经逐步不适应国家战略要求和沿线城市群间快速通达需求。高速铁路具有运量大、成本低、能耗小、占地少等优势,是绿色、大众化的交通工具。结合国家中长期高速铁路网规划,通过阐述沿江铁路通道发展现状及存在问题,结合通道内各区段预测客流量提出规划方案;最终形成沿江高速铁路"三步走"建设实施方案,有利于完善长江立体综合交通走廊建设,缩短时空距离,优化综合运输结构体系。     

Conceptualising convenience: Transportation practices and perceptions of inner-urban high density residents in Brisbane,Australia

High-density living in inner-urban areas has been promoted to encourage the use of more sustainable modes of travel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, previous research presents mixed results on the relationship between living in proximity to transport systems and reduced car-dependency. This research examines inner-city residents’ transportation practices and perceptions, via 24 qualitative interviews with residents from high-density dwellings in inner-city Brisbane, Australia. Whilst participants consider public transport accessible and convenient, car use continues to be relied on for many journeys. Transportation choices are justified through complex definitions of convenience containing both utilitarian and psycho-social elements, with three key themes identified: time-efficiency, single versus multi-modal trips, and distance to and purpose of journey, as well as attitudinal, affective and symbolic elements related to transport mode use. Understanding conceptions of transport convenience held by different segments of the transport users market, alongside other factors strongly implicated in travel mode choice, can ensure targeted improvements in sustainable transport service levels and infrastructure as well as information service provision and behavioural change campaigns.     

Analysis of user satisfaction to promote public transportation: A pattern-recognition approach focusing on out-of-vehicle time

Public transportation has been regarded as one of the most sustainable forms of transport, because of which local governments have put efforts in increasing the mode share of public transportation. Recently, not only level of service but also user satisfaction has been focused on for the assessment of transport policy; however, several points have been overlooked in previous research, such as attribute-based satisfaction, the relationship between level of service and satisfaction, and user expectation. This paper deals with these issues while assuming the heterogeneity of satisfaction, which is an indicator of perception. Out-of-vehicle times, particularly headway and access time, were selected in the analysis because they can affect travel behavior of current and potential public transportation customers. In this analysis, pattern-recognition models were applied, and public transportation users were segmented in terms of perception. The results suggest several notable recommendations for public transport policies and investigations.     

Transport metabolism, social diversity and equity: The case of São Paulo, Brazil

The movement of people in space implies the consumption of resources such as time, space, money and energy, as well as the production of negative externalities such as accidents, pollution and congestion. Some of these effects have been analyzed on an aggregate level by comparing regions in the world, a set of selected cities and different geographical areas in a particular city. The analysis of data on a more disaggregate level that considers the differences in the cause and continuance of negative transport externalities among social classes and groups living in a particular city in the developing world is rare.This paper uses the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) 1997 origin–destination (OD) survey to investigate such phenomenon by taking advantage of the fact that data are divided according to six levels of household income. Results refer to mobility patterns in workable days.The main conclusions are that although people at the lowest income level spend a high share of their income on transport, they have a very low overall mobility and contribute almost nothing to transport externalities. At the other extreme, the two highest income groups that use cars intensively invest much more time, space and money to travel around and so contribute to transport externalities 8.4–15.2 times more than the lowest income group. Such large differences challenge current transport policies in developing countries and call both for a reassessment of assumptions and principles as well as for opposition to the propagation of myths that have sustained such inequitable policies.     

铁路多式联运发展策略研究

在新发展格局下,国家正在打造空中、水上、地面与地下融合协同的多式联运网络,优化调整交通运输结构,构建以铁路、水运为主的大宗货物和集装箱中长距离运输格局。借鉴国外铁路多式联运发展经验,在论述我国铁路多式联运发展实践的基础上,结合铁路多式联运发展形势,提出加强基础设施互联互通、优化运输组织衔接、加快服务资源共享、强化联运装备协同、促进运营管理创新等铁路多式联运发展策略,以发挥铁路便捷高效、安全环保等比较优势和交通运输骨干作用,实现铁路与其他运输方式和现代物流的网络、产品、业务、技术和模式融合。     

旅游交通生态足迹模型实证研究

根据生态足迹理论构建旅游交通生态的足迹模型,从计算旅游交通设施的建成地面积、能源消耗量转化成化石能源土地面积、旅游交通生态足迹计算方面,阐释了旅游交通生态足迹模型与计算方法。以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例,对其旅游交通生态足迹进行了计算。根据计算结果,分析了江苏盐城海滨湿地建成地与化石能源地面积、交通工具生态足迹构成、旅游交通生态足迹对旅游区内外部的影响,认为该模型可以较全面地评价旅游交通活动的生态影响。     

综合运输体系下客运结构合理配置模型及算法

分析在多种交通方式存在情况下乘客的交通选择行为,并基于随机效用理论和层次分析法构造了综合运输体系下客运结构合理配置模型及算法。考虑到我国现阶段收入水平是影响旅客交通方式选择的主要因素,将旅客划分为4类,并计算分析得到各类旅客的出行选择结果。该模型可用于客运市场份额预测,为优化配置交通运输资源提供理论依据。