Regaining China's Resource Reallocative Efficiency to Boost Growth

The structural changes that the Chinese economy has been experiencing since its working-age population began to decline pose challenges for its further growth. First, as it loses its comparative advantage in labor-intensive activities, the share of manufacturing in its GDP has shrunk. Second, unproductive enterprises that are reluctant to exit the market tend to seek policy protection, which leads to the immobility of resource allocation. Third, the reallocation of the labor force from the highly productive manufacturing sector to the low-productivity service sector leads to the degradation of resource allocation. The inadequate exploitation of the potential of resource reallocation implies that the decline in manufacturing is premature. It is therefore important to combine market competition policy, industrial policy, and social protection policy to stabilize the development of manufacturing.     

装备制造业与我国经济发展的灰色关联分析

装备制造业作为制造业的基础,其发展水平直接关系到国民经济的发展速度和发展质量。采用灰色关联分析方法,对我国装备制造业中各行业与工业经济发展的有序度进行研究。结果表明我国装备制造业各行业与我国工业增加值的变化率高度一致。未来我国装备制造业发展重点应集中于电气机械及器材、通用设备和专用设备制造业三大行业。     

工业体系和民营企业兴起——基于252家中国最大民营制造业企业的经验研究

主流经济学家把改革开放后民营企业的大规模兴起，主要归因为市场经济条件下发挥企业家精神和遵循比较优势的必然结果。但是这无法解释为什么民营企业在兴起之初就广泛和快速地进入到各个工业，尤其是技术和资本密集型工业。基于中国工业史和252家中国最大民营制造业企业创业发展史的历史证据，文章找回"工业体系"这一被主流所忽略的重大历史现象和学术概念，从而首次提出一种理解中国民营企业发展独特性的结构性解释。文章发现：从计划经济时期继承而来的门类齐全和独立完整的工业体系，是解释民营企业创业和发展独特性的关键变量；已有的由国有企业和科研院所组成的工业体系，从市场机会、技术能力和组织资源等方面塑造了民营企业的创业选择和发展路径。所以，中国民营企业的快速发展不是仅凭自由市场就会自动出现的普遍现象，而是在市场条件下充分利用工业体系提供的技术和市场条件才得以出现的特殊现象。     

Interindustry Linkages in Indonesian Manufacturing 1

Deepening and strengthening of the industrial structure one of the prionties of industrial development in Indonesia. In this article, data from input-output tables have been used to examine the interindustry structure of the Indonesian non-oil manufacturing sector. Analysis of structural changes in manufacturing shows thaf exports have become the main engine of growth for the non-oil manufacturing sector. It is also found that this development is not inconsistent with the integration of the manufacturing sector in the economy, as manufactured exports on the whole are characterised by strong backward linkages. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that manufactured exports make significant contribution to employment, because both direct and total labour intensities of Indonesia's expomng sectors are relatively high.     

Vietnam: an economic survey

This paper reviews the two decades of economic development in Vietnam since Doi Moi, with the recurrent theme that integration with the world economy brings substantial benefits when accompanied by domestic reforms—when transition catches up with integration. In the 1990s, liberalisation of the agricultural sector—and of trade generally—led to rapid economic growth and reductions in poverty. Since 2001, addressing the extreme bias against the private sector has resulted in growth via development of labour‐intensive industries as well as enabling Vietnam to climb onto the first rung of the ladder in the global supply chains of electronics and related manufacturing. However, deeper international integration has made the economy more vulnerable to external shocks. Although Vietnam achieved two decades of rapid growth as well as survived the global financial crisis in better shape than most other economies of similar size in the region, prospects of sustaining another decade of rapid growth are far from assured. Vietnam still has very large state‐owned enterprises in capital‐intensive industries. The recent extension of these large enterprises into real estate and finance contributed to de‐stabilise the macro‐economy, and administrative measures were adopted to pare back some of these ‘non‐core’ activities. However, administrative measures are hard to sustain once a crisis is over. The Vietnamese government has the goal of transforming Vietnam into an industrialised society over the coming decade. The recent macroeconomic turbulence has demonstrated that the country needs strong macroeconomic institutions capable of stabilising the economy and setting the parameters for resumption of rapid growth. Thus there is a strong case for the development of modern public institutions as the focus of the third phase of reforms.     

装备制造业集群中企业纵向合作关系的演化分析

装备制造业是为国民经济发展和国防建设提供技术装备的基础性产业,是国家综合实力的重要体现。装备制造业集群已成为振兴装备制造业的重要途径并在很多地区大量涌现。装备制造业集群内部存在核心企业群体和外围企业群体,其纵向合作关系分为链条强化和网络筛选。文章通过引入复制动态微分方程,构建核心企业和外围企业的双群体演化博弈模型,分析双方的初始状态、合作收益、资产专用性、网络收益对合作关系演化路径的影响,以期为装备制造业集群企业间合作提供理论指导。     

泰安市中小企业融资问题研究

近年来,泰安市以中小企业为主体的民营经济已成支撑经济发展的一支生力军。但其融资难已成制约其进一步发展的首要障碍。深入探析造成中小企业融资难的因素,找到改进中小企业融资难的路径对促进泰安经济又好又快发展具有重要意义。     

劳动成本、劳动生产率与中国制造业企业的竞争力

劳动成本上升一方面弱化了中国制造业企业的比较优势,另一方面也影响着企业竞争力的提高。我国制造业发展正处于一个关键时期,当务之急是改革现行的工资机制,从关注劳动力资源丰富、劳动力成本低的角度转向人力资本积累,转向自主创新,大幅度提高劳动生产率,为我国制造业的发展提供持续的竞争动力。     

制造企业创新效率测度与影响因素研究——基于数字化转型的视角

基于数字化转型视角,以我国制造业上市公司为研究样本,运用三阶段DEA模型对企业创新效率进行测算和分解,并采用Tobit回归模型对企业创新效率影响因素进行分析。研究发现：（1）传统DEA模型结果显示,2007-2020年企业创新效率呈现出“U”型发展趋势,且整体上处于较低水平,具有较大的提升空间。在数字经济和数字化转型的环境中,国有企业相对于民营企业的规模效率仍保持较大优势,但民营企业相对于国有企业的纯技术效率优势正逐步被替代。（2）似SFA模型结果显示,数字经济、政府支持、行业竞争、教育环境和开放环境等是影响企业创新效率的重要外部环境因素。（3）调整后DEA模型结果显示,整体上剔除环境因素后企业创新效率有所提升,但仍处于较低水平。创新环境的改善主要通过提升企业的管理效率、技术适应能力等来提升创新效率。（4）Tobit回归模型的结果显示,企业规模、企业年龄、资产收益率、负债结构、独立董事比例、股权集中度和机构持股比例等因素是影响调整后创新效率的重要因素。     

Building for the future: housing-related sectors and the welsh economy

Since the establishment of the Welsh Assembly Government there has been more emphasis on indigenous enterprises in relation to economic development policy. However, the housing-related sector has received little attention. This paper¹ presents the results of research that has investigated this sector and its significance to the local economy. Whilst acknowledging the considerable data-related difficulties in this exercise, analysis of housing and housing-related functions (including construction, finance, legal services, management of housing stock) showed that the sector accounted for around 4.5% of Welsh employment, and had considerable potential for assisting in the future development of the regional economy.     

三峡区域民营经济发展现状及问题研究

三峡区域经济发展迅速,民营经济已成为县域经济的主体及经济发展最具活力的生力军,规模以上民营企业成为了经济发展的龙头企业,但其发展亦存在自身的问题和外部环境的制约,要抓住三峡工程建成机遇,发展环保新型项目、旅游业及绿色产业。     

开放浙江 提升制造业国际竞争力

制造业是工业化和现代化的主导力量,制造业的发展水平是衡量工业化国家或地区综合实力和国际竞争力的重要标志。浙江经济发展的一大特色就是制造业相对发达,没有强大的制造业支撑,浙江成不了经济强省,也难以提前基本实现现代化。改革开放以来,浙江制造业已形成了以民营经济为主体的机制优势,以块状经济为代表的集聚优势,以专业市场为依托的营销优势,以轻纺工业为特色的产业优势,浙江已经成为全国乃至世界重要的制造业基地。本文对开放背景下浙江制造业国内国际竞争力的分析,将有助于我们更全面、准确把握浙江制造业比较优势和竞争力的总体特点,同时也有助于在新形势下对浙江制造业发展战略做出调整,从而提升浙江制造业的国际竞争力。     

The rise of the service sector in China

This paper analyzes the underlying mechanisms that explain the rise of the service sector in China. Along with China’s unprecedented growth, the rapid expansion of its service sector is one of the fastest among emerging countries. However, the literature has yet to offer a clear understanding of such expansion. We show that distribution services first grow with the manufacturing sector, followed by personal services as per capita income rises. Motivated by this growth pattern, this paper provides a theory that describes 1) the complementarity between distribution services and the manufacturing sector, and 2) the substitution between personal services and home production. Empirics show that the personal service sector is the key to account for the early and rapid rise of the service sector in China. Quantitatively, high productivity growth and high capital intensity in the personal service sector, and labor market frictions are the most important channels. By revealing the growth pattern of the service sector in the early stages of development, the paper thereby contributes to the growing literature on the rising importance of the service economy.     

The Tourism Boom in Indonesia

A major development in the Indonesian economy during the latter pan of the 1980s has been the growth in non-oil exports, particularly from the manufacturing sector. However a development less remarked upon over the same period has been the expansion of the Indonesian tourist industry. This paper explores the reasons for this growth and examines whether the government's ambitious targets for further expansion of the sector can be realised. It also looks at the potential of the tourist sector for generating productive employment opportunities and increased foreign exchange earnings over the Repelita V period and beyond.     

Perspectives and problems of development in sub-Saharan Africa

This paper analyses the initial conditions for development facing post-colonial African nations, outlines alternative development strategies followed by different groups of countries and assesses the consequences for growth and poverty alleviation. On the basis of this diagnosis the paper outlines a number of policy priorities for the future including greater research, extension and infrastracture support for smallholder agriculture, an improvement in the overall structure of incentives in favour of agriculture, a more realistic urban formal sector wage structure to reduce rural—urban migration and foster a more internationally competitive manufacturing sector, and greater emphasis on surplus generation through government budgets and parastatal enterprises.     

浅谈我国电子商务的发展

当今中国,电子商务已经成为一大热点。无论是传统的制造业或是新兴的金融企业,都把电子商务作为企业经营的一种新方式,纷纷投入巨资建立网站,在国际互联网上从事BtoB,BtoC的各类商业活动,在网上进行交易。那么,我国的电子商务发展是怎样情况,其发展环境如何呢?     

An empirical analysis of the unit labor cost-product price relation in the U.S. economy

This article tests for cointegration between unit labor costs and the level of product prices in four sectors of the U.S. economy: the aggregate business sector, the nonfinancial corporate sector, durable manufacturing, and nondurable manufacturing. A finding of cointegration for most specifications supports the existence of long-run labor market equilibrium for producers and suggests estimation of error-correction models to examine the dynamic relationships. In every sector except nondurable manufacturing, error-correction model estimates indicate there is a mutual feedback relationship between unit labor costs and prices. Controlling for deviations from full employment, oil price shocks, and the Nixon wage and price controls, the results also provide evidence of significant nominal wage indexation in U.S. labor markets. Throughout the economy there appears to exist both effective neoclassical wage and price adjustment mechanisms to maintain labor market equilibrium and short-run rigidities which may contribute to deviations from full employment outcomes.     

浙江制造品牌的国际化路径及战略研究

随着浙江经济的不断转型发展,越来越多的浙江外向型制造业企业开始了品牌国际化的探索之路。本文首先分析了浙江制造品牌国际化发展的现状特点,指出浙江制造品牌的国际化主要受制于企业规模、技术创新能力、品牌国际化相关服务及文化差异等约束与阻碍。基于此,浙江制造业品牌国际化应从加强要素积累与相关基础设施建设开始,辅以品牌国际化的互联网+新模式和新手段,以"一带一路"国家为突破口实施品牌国际化的蓝海战略,并结合浙江经济、地理与文化特有优势,全面形成独具特色的浙江制造品牌国际化新模式,加速推进浙江制造品牌的国际化发展。     

Government Policies and Private Enterprise Development in China： 2003-2006

The relationship between government policy and economic development has been a long- standing topic of academic research andpolicy debate. The government of a transitional economy plays an important role in the process of economic development. Over the past three decades, the Chinese economy has been growing very rapidly, in particular because of the rapid development of the private sector. However, the performance of private enterprises is still affected by government policies. In the present paper, we examine the changes in large Chinese private enterprises performance during 2003-2006 and test the determinants of such changes. We conclude that the Chinese Government＇s discriminating policies against private enterprises are the main cause of the private sector＇s downturn.     

智力资本对企业绩效影响的实证研究——基于制造业面板数据模型分析

知识经济时代,智力资本已成为驱动企业持续发展的动力源泉。选取126家在沪、深两市交易的A股上市公司中制造业企业2008-2012年的面板数据,进行固定效应模型估计,探讨我国现阶段国有和非国有制造业企业智力资本对企业绩效的影响。结果表明:不同性质的企业智力资本对企业绩效的作用存在差异,并且制造业企业中物质资本对企业绩效的效用已成递减状态,智力资本已逐渐取代物质资本成为提升制造业企业绩效的关键因素。