The EEC preferences: A critical evaluation

On July 1, 1971, the European Community Introduced a system of generalized tariff preferences for less developed countries. This followed nearly five years of intensive discussion among the major industrial countries about how best to respond to an appeal by the UNCTAD to help improve the trading opportunities of LDCs.     

浅谈军工企业的脱困

众所周知,传统的、单一经营的军工企业,不能适应社会主义市场经济的新环境,这是军工企业陷入困境的根本原因.因此,所谓脱困,就是要针对根本原因采取一系列措施,这些措施归结到一点,就是进行企业再造,包括转变旧观念、改造旧结构、改造旧系统和改造旧体制等几个方面的内容.在军工企业自身努力、进行企业再造的同时,国家也要为企业提供良好的外部环境,从政策上以及其它方面,给予积极地、强有力地引导和支持,这是军工企业脱困的必不可少的外部条件.     

Helping subordinates with their personal problems: A moral dilemma for managers

When subordinates ask their managers for help with their personal problems, it creates moral dilemmas for their managers. Managers are contractually obliged to maintain equivalent relations between their subordinates and that is compromised when one subordinate makes this kind of request. By applying deontological principles to this dilemma, additional options are revealed, and the moral duties managers owe their subordinates in these situations are clarified. Dennis J. Moberg is associate professor in the Department of Organizational Analysis and Management, Leavey School of Business Administration, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA. He is a Fellow of SCU's Center of Applied Ethics. His present research focus is on applying ethical principles to employer-employee interactions. Related articles are The Ethics of Organizational Politics, Academy of Management Review 6, 1981, 363–374, and An Ethical Theory of Peer Relations in Organizations, available from author.     

Paradisal discourse: A critical analysis of marketing and consuming Hawaii

The marketing of certain tourist destinations can be analyzed as discourse that conveys meaning to the consumer and to the consumed. This discourse, which I refer to hereafter as paradisal discourse, is a combination of Orientalism, travel writing, discourse of the Primitive, and diverse forms of Otherness. This paper begins with an exploration of discourse as a tool of knowledge and of power, illustrated through a detailed assessment of Said's Orientalism and other relevant works and concepts. The discourses of “Orientalism,” “primitivism” and travel writing are likened to the paradisal discourse found in the marketing of certain types of tourist destinations. The second section of the paper presents an historical and cultural analysis of the concept of paradise in Western society, summarizing the elements which, over time, have come to form this distinctive discourse. The third section of the paper assesses the way in which this discourse forms the framework by which a specific tropical paradise, Hawaii, is marketed and consumed today.     

The international infant formula controversy: A dilemma in corporate social responsibility

One of the most controversial issues to face any industry has been the infant formula problem, especially in the less-developed countries (LDCs). Producers of infant formula were confronted with a boycott which evolved from a grass-roots level to one which involved many nations, international and national public agencies, non-profit organizations, scientific research institutions, large church denominations, and every company in the industry. An international boycott was aimed at Nestlé, one of the largest producers of infant formula.The aim of this paper is (1) to examine both sides of the controversy, and (2) to analyze the results of the boycott, specifically the introduction of product codes and changes in industry and company strategies. In both areas ethical implications were involved. James C. Baker is Professor of Finance and International Business at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. Previously he was Assistant Professor at the University of Maryland and Associate Professor at San Francisco State University. His most important publications are Multinational Marketing: Dimensions in Strategy(1975) (with J. K. Ryans); International Bank Regulation(1978). He published more than 70 articles in e.g. Columbia Journal of World Business, Journal of World Trade Law, Journal of International Marketing, Foreign Trade Review, Management Decision, Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting.     

Values underlying personnel/human resource management: Implications of the bishops' economic pastoral letter

The economic pastoral letter states that employees have rights to employment, non-discriminatory treatment, adequate wages, health care, old age and disability insurance, healthy working conditions, rest and holidays, reasonable protection from arbitrary dismissal, notice of plant closings, unionization and collective bargaining. In addition, the bishops call for better cooperation between labor and management. This paper discusses how these rights can be protected by good personnel/human resource policies and procedures. Daniel J. Koys is Assistant Professor of Management at Marquette University. He is co-author of an article on employment, which has been published in Loyola University of Chicago Law Journal.     

Catholic Social Teaching: A communitarian democratic capitalism for the new world order

Catholic Social Teaching has taken a remarkable turn with the May 1991 document on economic ethics,Centesimus Annus. During their one hundred year history, church documents were notable for their courageous championing of the rights of the least advantaged; they were much less distinguished for their understanding of how markets and incentives function in capitalism. Most business leaders admired church teaching for its compassion but had little respect for its competence. With this most recent document, however, there is a growing conviction that the church may have come of age in economic ethics. Even theWall Street Journal has celebratedCentesimus Annus. The article outlines the highlights of the document and its points of continuity with the tradition. Responses from business and the academy are also briefly considered.Oliver F. Williams is a member of the faculty and serves as Associate Provost of the University of Notre Dame. A Catholic priest, Father Williams has a doctorate and other degrees in theology and chemical engineering. He has published and lectured extensively in the field of business ethics.This article includes an updated version of some material previously published. For more elaboration on the history of Catholic social teaching, see articles by Williams, O. F. in Houck, J. W. and Williams, O. F. (eds.): 1984,Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy: Working Papers for a Bishops' Pastoral (University Press of America, Washington, DC) and in Williams, O. F. and Houck, J. (eds.): 1982,The Judeo-Christian Vision and the Modern Corporation (University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN).     

The recent reform of European governance: A critical review

This paper investigates whether the recent EU governance reform is a step in the right direction and discusses its ability to restore European financial stability. The authors argue that the reform appears incapable of dealing with the factors responsible for the sovereign debt crisis, and they stress the need for financial sector reforms and sound fiscal policies. To that end, the adoption of national fiscal rules seems capable of dealing with the profligacy of governments and tackling the problem of deficit bias. Regarding the introduction of the new Excessive Imbalance Procedure, this article argues that EU authorities should adopt a symmetric approach instead of the one currently being pursued.     

The measurement of foreign direct investment: A critical review

The extent of internationalization of certain countries is usually measured by trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). This article reviews state-of-the-art measurement concepts of FDI. In particular, the quality of FDI data as reported in conventional statistics is assessed and examples are given to show the limitations involved. Concepts of FDI, data sources, and measurement problems are discussed in detail. Several conclusions are drawn on related issues of improvements such as data collection, methodology and techniques, estimates versus evidence, the inclusion of new phenomena, international comparisons, and the validity of results. The difficult task is to compromise a careful analysis with innovative methodological approaches.     

The Protestant Ethic as an ideological justification of capitalism

The Protestant Ethic not only had behavioral implications, as Max Weber and others have pointed out, it also had ideological implications in providing a moral legitimacy for capitalism. The Protestant Ethic provided a moral justification for the pursuit of profit and the distribution of income that are a part of the system. Currently there is a good deal of intellectual concern about the moral legitimacy of the capitalist system. Thus it is important to trace the origins of the Protestant Ethic and recover the ideological functions it performs in a capitalistic society.