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1.
Ulf Henning Richter 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,102(2):261-279
In this multiple-case study, I analyze the perceived importance of seven categories of institutional entrepreneurs (DiMaggio,
Institutional patterns and organizations, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, 1988) for the corporate social responsibility discourse of three multinational companies. With this study, I aim to significantly
advance the empirical analysis of the CSR discourse for a better understanding of facts and fiction in the process of institutionalization
of CSR in MNCs. I conducted 42 semi-structured face-to-face and phone interviews in two rounds with 30 corporate managers
from three multinational companies. The data has been analyzed using qualitative (multiple coding) and quantitative (ANOVA,
χ2 analysis) techniques. The findings indicate that one company is driven by civil society’s influence on consumer’s perception,
the second company by direct attacks by civil society, agenda setting organizations and legislators, and the third by the
pressure of large customers and legislators. The results suggest that the coping behaviors of MNCs at both extremes of the
spectrum of perceived responsible behavior aim at (1) improving the business case for CSR and (2) increasing legitimacy in
society, resulting in converging CSR perceptions, and fostering an institutionalization of CSR. 相似文献
2.
Mari Huhtala Taru Feldt Anna-Maija Lämsä Saija Mauno Ulla Kinnunen 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,101(2):231-247
The present study had two major aims: first, to examine the construct validity of the Finnish 58-item Corporate Ethical Virtues
scale (CEV; Kaptein in J Org Behav 29:923–947, 2008) and second, to examine whether the associations between managers’ perceptions of ethical organisational culture and their
occupational well-being (emotional exhaustion and work engagement) are indirectly linked by ethical strain, i.e. the tension
which arises from the difference in the ethical values of the individual and the organisation he or she works for. The sample
consisted of 902 managers from different organisations, in middle and upper management levels, aged 25–68 years. The results
of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided support to the hypothesised eight-factor structure of the CEV scale; i.e.
the scale contained the factors of clarity, congruency of supervisors, congruency of senior management, feasibility, supportability,
transparency, discussability and sanctionability. In addition, it emerged from the CFAs that the high intercorrelations of
these factors can be explained by the second-order factor of ethical culture. The managers’ perceptions of the ethical culture
prevailing in their organisations were associated with their occupational well-being both directly (high-work engagement)
and indirectly via a low level of ethical strain (low-emotional exhaustion). Thus, the findings indicated that the ethical
culture of organisations plays a major role in managers’ occupational well-being. 相似文献
3.
Javier Aguilera-Caracuel Juan Alberto Aragón-Correa Nuria Esther Hurtado-Torres Alan M. Rugman 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,105(4):461-474
This article combines institutional and resources’ arguments to show that the institutional distance between the home and
the host country, and the headquarters’ financial performance have a relevant impact on the environmental standardization
decision in multinational companies. Using a sample of 135 multinational companies in three different industries with headquarters
and subsidiaries based in the USA, Canada, Mexico, France, and Spain, we find that a high environmental institutional distance
between headquarters’ and subsidiaries’ countries deters the standardization of environmental practices. On the other hand,
high-profit headquarters are willing to standardize their environmental practices, rather than taking advantage of countries
with lax environmental protection to undertake more pollution-intensive activities. Finally, we show that headquarters’ financial
performance also imposes a moderating effect on the relationship between environmental institutional distance between countries
and environmental standardization within the multinational company. 相似文献
4.
A majority of the countries in the world are still considered “developing,” with a per capita income of less than U$1,000.
Hahn (2008, Journal of Business Ethics
78, 711–721) recently proposed an ambitious business ethics research agenda for integrating the “bottom-of-the-pyramid” countries
(Prahalad and Hart, 2002, Strategy and Competition
20, 2–14) through sustainable development and corporate citizenship. Hahn’s work is among the growing field of research in comparative
business ethics including the global business ethics index (Michalos, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics
79(1), 9–19; Scholtens and Dam, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics
75(3), 273–284; Tsalikis and Seaton, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics
75(3), 229–238). This article is complementary to Hahn’s work and it advocates an urgent need for business ethics researchers
to globally integrate the bottom-of-the-pyramid countries through a fundamental re-definition of the global economic triad,
including the United States, Western Europe, and Japan [Ohmae, 1985, Triad Power: The Coming Shape of Global Competition (New York: Free Press)]. The definition that we propose is based on business systems and institutional perspectives that
include the bottom-of-the-pyramid countries. We also propose to broaden the research in business ethics to enable comparisons
across business systems indifferent income levels. 相似文献
5.
This article develops and tests resource dependency and institutional theory arguments to explain two choices facing SME owner/managers:
(1) the decision whether to export or not and (2) if the firm exports, the choice between a direct (to customers abroad) and
an indirect (using another firm as intermediary) export mode. Binomial logistic regressions on our sample of 871 Dutch SMEs
suggest that institutional theory perspectives (owner/managers’ perception of the increased international presence of their
domestic competitors, customers' and suppliers' and perceptions of increased use of foreign suppliers) explain the decision
to export, while resource dependency theory arguments (owner/managers’ perception of the favorability of access to knowledge
and technology, of production costs and of access to capital in the home market) guide the choice between direct and indirect
export modes. 相似文献
6.
Traditionally, conceptualizations of human values are based on the assumption that individuals possess a single integrated
value system comprising those values that people are attracted by and strive for. Recently, however, van Quaquebeke et al.
(in J Bus Ethics 93:293–305, 2010) proposed that a value system might consist of two largely independent value orientations—an orientation of ideal values
and an orientation of counter-ideal values (values that individuals are repelled by), and that both orientations exhibit antithetic
effects on people’s responses to the social world. Following a call for further research on this distinction, we conducted
two studies to assess the independent effects of ideal and counter-ideal values in leadership settings. Study 1 (N = 131) finds both value orientations to explain unique variance in followers’ vertical respect for their leaders. Study 2
(N = 136) confirms these results and additionally shows an analogous effect for followers’ identification with their leaders.
Most importantly, we find that both value orientations exhibit their effects only independently when the content of the two
orientations pertain to different value types in Schwartz’s (in J Soc Issues 50:19–46, 1994) circumplex model. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. 相似文献
7.
新制度经济学在国际贸易和投资相关研究领域的渗透并非一个新现象,内部化理论就是在新制度经济学的影响下产生的。21世纪初,新制度经济学和国际贸易与投资理论出现了新的融合趋势,从原来的简单运用发展到将不完全契约直接融入不完全竞争条件下的跨国公司组织形式选择的一般均衡模型分析,甚至直接在新制度经济学的产权理论框架下分析跨国公司的组织选择行为。这一理论上的整合对于分析跨国公司在发展中国家的直接投资及其组织形式具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
Jang B. Singh 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,101(3):385-395
Recent figures reported by KPMG confirm the growing prevalence of corporate codes of ethics globally. Svensson et al. (Bus
Ethics 18:389–407, 2009) in surveys of the largest corporations in Australia, Canada, and Sweden found a similar trend. The increased prevalence
of corporate codes of ethics has been accompanied by heightened research interest in various aspects of these documents, e.g.,
the contents and focus of the codes. However, there is a paucity of research examining the effectiveness of these documents
and the organizational infrastructure that accompany them. This study, based on a survey of Canada’s largest corporations,
sought to empirically assess the determinants of the effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics by regressing managers’ perceptions
of code effectiveness against various elements of ethics programs. It was found that, in a statistically significant model,
eighteen independent variables explain 58.5% of the variance in the perceived effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics. 相似文献
9.
Ning Li 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,80(4):771-789
One challenge that globalization has brought to business is that firms, as they expand their market globally through cross-border
alliances, need to deal with partner firms from countries of different religious background. The impact of a country’s dominant
religion on its firms’ international market entry mode choices has not been examined in traditional approaches. Focusing on
hypothesizing the influence of Christian beliefs and atheism (i.e., the absence of belief in any deities), this research aims
to fill the gap by exploring religion’s role in providing moral restraint on managers’ propensity for opportunism, which in
turn affects these managers’ choices of their firms’ international market entry via non-equity alliances or joint ventures.
A study of 22,156 cross-border alliances formed in 48 industries world-wide over 9 years provides new insight toward understanding
religion’s influence on firms’ international market entry mode decisions through the ethical dimension of strategic leadership.
This article would fit best under the International Management section for reviewing purposes. 相似文献
10.
The goal of this study was to introduce a model explaining how managers’ attitudes, subjective norms, attributions, and the
individualism–collectivism cultural dimension affect the way managers’ deal with employee bribery in organizations. Twenty-six
internal and external attributions related to bribery were identified through a series of structured interviews with 65 subject
matter experts. These attributions, together with the other variables in the model, were evaluated by 354 (n = 354) Ecuadorian managers. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that attitudes and external attributions significantly
predicted managers’ intentions to discipline employees who accepted a bribe. In addition, external attributions mediated the
relationship between individualism–collectivism and intent to discipline corrupt employees. Implications for the management
of bribery in Latin American organizations are discussed. 相似文献
11.
In this study, we aim to investigate how multinational corporations (MNCs) balance ethical pressures from both the home and
host countries. Drawing on theories from institutional theory, international business, and business ethics, we build a theoretical
framework to explain the ethical behavior of MNCs. We apply the institutional logic concept to examine how MNCs with established
logics and principles that have grown in the home country respond to local ethical expectations in the host country. We differentiate
the core values from the peripheral components of a MNC’s institutional logic and propose that a MNC will pursue distinctive
ethical strategies under different scenarios and choose the “right” configuration of core values and peripheral components
that align with institutional environment in host countries. 相似文献
12.
Taking multidimensional ethics scale approach, this article describes an empirical survey of top managers’ moral decision-making
patterns and their change from 1994 to 2004 during morally problematic situations in the Finnish context. The survey questionnaire
consisted of four moral dilemmas and a multidimensional scale with six ethical dimensions: justice, deontology, relativism,
utilitarianism, egoism and female ethics. The managers evaluated their decision-making in the problems using the multidimensional
ethics scale. Altogether 880 questionnaires were analysed statistically. It is concluded that relying on the utilitarian principles
is a core ethical evaluation criterion amongst top business managers in Finland. This study proves that managers’ moral decision-making
patterns change over time. According to the results of this research, managers’ moral decision-making became more multidimensional
during the study period. The change is explained by (1) the inclusion of female ethics items in the scale which allows managers
to show more diversity in their decision- making, (2) the change in the Finnish economic context from depression to economic
prosperity and growth during the study period, which is conducive to the spread of post materialist values, such as the importance
of social relations and (3) the increasing public discussion of the importance ethical issues in business. 相似文献
13.
This paper examines the impact of Chinese business managers’ moral philosophies on the perception of corrupt payments such
as bribery, kickbacks and gift giving. Business managers from Mainland China were selected as target respondents. As hypothesized
the survey results generally indicate that moral relativism is a significant predictor of Chinese business managers’ favorable
perception of bribery and kickbacks. In examining the attitude toward gift giving, the survey showed that an individual’s
attitude toward gift giving was neither affected by their moral relativism nor by their moral idealism, which implies that
gift giving is widely accepted as legal practice in business in Chinese cultural society.
Part of the paper was presented at the conference of World Business Ethics Forum, Nov. 1–3, 2006 in Hongkong and Macau. 相似文献
14.
The influence of celebrities in the 21st century extends far beyond the traditional domain of the entertainment sector of
society. During the recent Palestinian presidential elections, the Hollywood actor Richard Gere broadcast a televised message
to voters in the region and stated, “Hi, I’m Richard Gere, and I’m speaking for the entire world”. Celebrities in the 21st
century have expanded from simple product endorsements to global political and international diplomacy. The celebrities industry
is undergoing, “mission creep”, or the expansion of an enterprise beyond its original goals (Hyde, 2009). The global internet is one of the major drivers of this phenomenon. The contribution of this paper is to analyse this global
phenomenon and the potential implications for business ethics research. 相似文献
15.
Determinants of Managerial Values on Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article empirically investigates how Chinese executives and managers perceive and interpret corporate social responsibility
(CSR), to what extent firms’ productive characteristics influence managers’ attitudes towards their CSR rating, and whether
their values in favour of CSR are positively correlated to firms’ economic performance. Although a large proportion of respondents
express a favourable view of CSR and a willingness to participate in socially responsible activities, we find that the true
nature of their assertion is linked to entrepreneurs’ instincts of gaining economic benefits. It is the poorly performing
firms, or rather, firms with vulnerable indicators – smaller in size, State-owned, producing traditional goods and located
in poorer regions that are more likely to have managers who opt for a higher CSR rating. Managers’ personal characteristics
per se are not significant in determining their CSR choice. Moreover, controlling for other observed variables, we find that managers’
CSR orientation is positively correlated with their firms’ performance. The better-off a firm is, the more likely its manager
is to get involve in CSR activities. Firms with better economic performance before their restructuring would sustain higher
post-restructuring performance. 相似文献
16.
This article examines how culture influences Chinese managers’ perception of some western management instruments, such as
codes of ethics and performance evaluation systems. The research is based on analyzing the tacit messages in “stories told”
by managers and reviewing some of the barriers that may hinder understanding. Major obstacles lie in failing to ‘read’ each
other’s cultures correctly. Assumptions and biases are left alone instead of being addressed openly. Western management systems
and tools do not necessarily function equally well in the Chinese culture, unless they are reassessed and adapted. Some recommendations
for managers and further research are given. 相似文献
17.
This study derives an improved model of managers’ decision-making behavior regarding possibly failing projects. Instead of
adopting cognitive moral development used by Rutledge and Karim (Accounting, Organization and Society
24, 173–184, 1999) this investigation uses the agency theory framework to consider individual moral philosophy for the improvement of decisions
regarding possibly failing projects. This research hypothesizes that a manager with low relativism has a stronger tendency
to discontinue a possibly failing project than one with high relativism when agency problem are present or absent. Also, this
study suggests that a manager with high idealism has a stronger tendency to discontinue a possibly failing project than one
with low idealism. Through experiments this work finds that agency problem is a significant factor on decisions regarding
possibly failing projects in all circumstances. This result is consistent with prior literature and shows agency problem universality.
Next, the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that a project manager with low relativism tends to discontinue a possibly
failing project more than one with high relativism, showing that individual moral philosophy can partially mitigate the phenomenon
of escalating managers’ commitment. 相似文献
18.
Jerry M. Calton 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,68(3):329-346
This paper applies Wempe’s (2005, Business Ethics Quarterly
15(1), 113–135) boundary conditions that define the external and internal logics for contractarian business ethics theory, as a system of argumentation for evaluating current or prospective institutional arrangements for arriving at the “good life,” based on the principles and practices of social justice. It does so by showing that a more dynamic, process-oriented, and pluralist ‘dialogic twist’ to Donaldson and Dunfee’s (2003, ‘Social Contracts: sic et non’, in P. Heugens, H. van Oosterhout and J. Vromen (eds.), The Social Institutions of Capitalism: Evolution and Design of Social Contracts (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.) pp. 109–126; 1999, Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics (Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press); 1995, Economics and Philosophy
11(1), 85–112; 1994, Academy of Management Review
19(2), 252–284.) integrated social contracting theory (ISCT) of economic ethics will further develop this promising and influential approach to moral reasoning, ethical decision-making, and stakeholder governance. This evolutionary, interactive learning-based model of ethical norm generation via dialogic stakeholder engagement is particularly appropriate within economic communities that are experiencing value conflict and pressures for institutional change.Jerry M. Calton is Professor of Management at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. His research interests encompass multi-stakeholder learning dialogue, trust-based network governance, and the social contracting approach to ethical decision-making. His publications have appeared in the Journal of Business Ethics, Business & Society, Business Ethics Quarterly, the Journal of Corporate Citizenship, and elsewhere. 相似文献
19.
Research on destructive leadership has largely focused on leader characteristics thought to be responsible for harmful organizational
outcomes. Recent findings, however, demonstrate the need to examine important contextual factors underlying such processes.
Thus, the present study sought to determine the effects of an organization’s climate and financial performance, as well as
the leader’s gender, on subordinate perceptions of and reactions (i.e., whistle-blowing intentions) to aversive leadership,
a form of destructive leadership based on coercive power. 302 undergraduate participants read through a series of vignettes
describing a fictional organization, its employees, and an aversive leader in charge of the company’s sales department. They
were then asked to envision themselves as subordinates of the leader and respond to several quantitative measures and open-ended
questions. Consistent with Padilla and colleagues' (2007) toxic triangle theory, results suggest that both perceptions and reactions to aversive leadership depend on the three aforementioned
factors. Specifically, aversive leaders were perceived more aversively and elicited greater whistle-blowing intentions in
financially unstable organizations possessing climates intolerant of negative leader behavior. Moreover, female aversive leaders
were perceived more aversively than their male counterparts under such conditions. Theoretical and practical implications
as well as future research directions are also discussed. 相似文献
20.
With the continuous progress of China’s industrialization, problems with the environment, health and safety (EHS) have become
increasingly prominent. A study on EHS managers’ competency model shall help Chinese enterprises build up an EHS professional
team and accomplish EHS managerial goals. This article adopts the “behavioral event interview” (BEI) method to extract characteristic
indexes for EHS managers, and then conducts a questionnaire-based survey to collect data to establish and validate a basic
competency model for Chinese EHS managers. 相似文献