浅谈企业规避金融衍生工具风险——以中信泰富外汇巨亏事件为例

随着经济全球化的进程加快,中国企业所面临的竞争和压力也越来越大,利用金融衍生工具来规避交易风险也成为参与国际竞争的必然选择,然而金融衍生工具的交易本身也具有较大的风险。本文以中信泰富外汇巨亏事件为例谈谈企业规避金融衍生工具风险的一些建议。     

中国金融系统压力指数的设计及其应用

结合当前金融系统的特点设计了中国金融系统压力指数,并通过两种方法检验了其识别作用;然后利用VAR模型对其宏观效应展开研究,基于Hsiao格兰杰因果检验过程对金融压力的直接和间接因果关系进行了验证,并采用VARX模型予以稳健性检验;最后,分析了金融压力变化时央行的政策反应及金融市场的反应。研究发现我国金融系统性压力主要集中在高压和低压区间,金融压力指数对宏观经济波动有较好的预测作用,货币政策的反应更明显地通过非常规货币政策工具实现。     

地方政府债务风险对金融压力的溢出效应——兼论重大突发事件冲击的影响

本文基于2007年1月至2020年12月的月度数据,使用CRITIC熵权法构造金融压力指数,并分别从城投债利差和相对发行规模两个角度测度中国地方政府债务风险;通过TVP VAR模型实证分析地方政府债务风险对金融压力的溢出效应,以及重大突发事件冲击产生的影响。研究结果显示：第一,地方政府债务风险对金融压力始终具有较强的解释效力,并且基本上呈现正向影响;第二,2008—2012年,地方政府债务风险对金融压力溢出作用的主要源头为债务利差的波动,2016年以来则转变为债务规模的提升;第三,在新冠肺炎疫情的冲击下,地方政府债务的信用风险与偿债风险对金融压力均具有正向冲击作用,整体冲击力度高于前期数次重大突发事件。因此,“十四五”时期的重要任务之一,就是进一步化解地方政府债务风险,有效阻断其向金融部门的传导路径,切实打好防范系统性金融风险的攻坚战。     

商业银行市场风险管理中的VAR模型

巴塞尔新资本协议规定金融机构满足资本充足率的要求,并将风险分为信用风险、市场风险和操作风险。针对市场风险的管理,本文着重介绍VAR模型的概念、VAR的种类以及主要特点,并指出VAR面临的主要问题及其在我国金融应用的前景。     

存货质押融资业务信用风险度量研究

随着中小企业信用担保体系的不断完善,担保贷款的规模不断扩大,担保贷款的风险管理受到普遍关注。供应链金融的风险包括市场风险、信用风险和操作风险等,采取有效的风险价值度量方法对存货质押融资业务的发展有着重大意义。本文借鉴国内外学者的研究成果,利用Merton模型来度量每一个企业的预期违约概率,进而通过Merton模型来度量信用风险的大小,构建了一个计算供应链金融信用风险的模型。这种方法与信用等级无关,并弥补了VAR需要大量历史数据的弊端。     

商业银行风险管理——基于房贷压力测试的研究

随着我国商业银行金融工具的多样化以及经营领域的全球化,商业银行面临的风险也越来越复杂化,压力测试已经逐渐成为金融风险管理的重要工具。本文通过房贷压力测试这个具体事例来研究压力测试在运用过程中存在的一些问题,最后提出了相应的应对策略,为我国商业银行的风险管理实践提供一定的指导。     

从会计角度看衍生金融工具风险防范

在经济全球化的不断推动下,金融行业也出现了高速的发展,金融衍生工具已经遍布金融行业。会计与金融衍生工具开始紧密连接起来,但是衍生工具本身也面临着巨大的市场风险,我们通过对衍生工具的会计审核,提出适当的防范措施,并强调风险防范的重要性。在商务环境日益复杂的今天,如何最大化降低金融衍生工具的风险,变得尤为重要。本文从会计的角度对金融衍生工具的风险进行分析,并提出相应的风险防范措施,希望对大家有所帮助。     

养老金入市的风险控制VAR模型的修正

本文围绕养老金投资股市的市场风险评价和市场风险控制，分析传统市场风险控制模型VAR的不足及技术瓶颈，在考虑养老金投资股市的特殊性的基础上对其进行修正和改进，提出准确性和适应性更强的VG—GARCH-VAR模型，并结合压力测试对未来构建养老金投资股市市场风险分析与控制体系给出方向性建议。     

发展金融衍生工具会计的思考

金融衍生工具成为规避金融自由化过程中金融价格风险的主要工具,促进了金融风险管理手段的创新和金融业的大发展。本文对发展金融衍生工具会计进行了思考。希望能促进我国金融衍生工具的完善与发展。     

关于企业加强防范金融衍生工具交易风险的对策探讨

随着经济的发展，我国企业面临的经营压力与市场竞争越来越激烈，无论是在国内市场还是国际市场，都已经无法回避国际化竞争，企业参与金融衍生工具的交易是参与国际竞争的必然选择。控制和避免金融衍生工具交易的风险，是企业当前所面临的一大课题。     

Oil structural shocks,bank-level characteristics,and systemic risk: Evidence from dual banking systems

By performing a structural VAR analysis on oil price shocks, we provide an evidence on how the origins of oil price shocks impact the risk level of banks in oil-exporting countries and whether bank-level characteristics can influence the sensitivity of risk to oil shocks. When conducting panel regression analysis, we document the following findings. First, not all shocks have the same effect on bank risk. Due to oil supply shocks, the increase in oil price raises bank risk, whereas the similar increase in price due to economic expansion or oil-market specific demand reduces that risk. Second, the business model (whether the bank is Islamic or conventional), size, income diversification, profitability, and financial leverage influence the bank risk exposure to oil shocks differently. Third, the two major recent crises (global financial crises and COVID-19 pandemic) magnified bank risk exposure to oil supply shocks and speculative oil demand shocks. Overall, the structural oil shocks explain a large fraction of the variation in financial stability in GCC countries.     

Credit behavior and financial stability in an emerging economy

One relevant issue for the management of financial stability is the monitoring of the credit market. In this sense, Basel III proposed the credit gap as the most appropriate measure to anticipate financial stability issues. However, the adoption of the credit gap has been criticized, especially for emerging markets. Through panel data analysis, this study investigates the effect of the credit gap and the credit growth rate on financial stability in Brazil, which represents a relevant emerging economy. For this purpose, we use a set of financial stability measures traditionally found in the literature: the z-score, regulatory capital and credit risk. The results suggest that the credit gap and credit growth rates are adequate metrics to indicate the sustainability of credit growth in Brazil. However, credit growth rates are more attractive, since they indicate a threshold for credit growth in the Brazilian economy concerning financial stability.     

金融风险计量研究--基于VaR模型的分析

本文通过分析风险的本质涵义,提出了定量分析金融风险的路径;通过回顾对于金融风险定量研究的一些模型和方法,详细介绍了VaR模型及其估计技术,指出了风险定量技术的广阔应用前景。     

Central bank disclosure as a macroprudential tool for financial stability

The Basel Capital Accord (pillar 3) states that disclosure of information (transparency) is essential to financial stability. This study analyzes, through inflation reports, the disclosure of information from the Central Bank of Brazil concerning the credit market. We consider credit risk and capital buffers as measures of financial stability in this analysis. Furthermore, in order to measure the perception of the monetary authority on the credit market, we built two indices based on the central bank’s communication on credit development. We performed a panel data analysis based on a sample of 125 banks for the period from June 1999 to September 2014 (7000 observations). The findings suggest that central bank communication regarding expectations concerning the credit market contributes to financial stability. Therefore, this kind of communication of central banks (about credit development) may constitute an important macroprudential tool to improve financial stability.     

The time-series properties of the risk premium in the Yen/Dollar exchange market

In this paper a VAR model is employed to construct a measure of the conditional expectations of the future yen/dollar spot rate. This measure allows us to examine the dynamics of an ex-ante time-series for the risk premium in the market. The VAR model produces ‘better’ forecasts than the survey responses for turbulent periods such as 1981–1982 and 1984–1985. The VAR-generated expectations are then used to construct a risk premium time-series. This risk premium series seems to be more reliable than the ones obtained using either survey data on expectations of the future spot exchange rate or the ex-post realized spot exchange rate. Tests on the risk premium series suggest that a risk premium was present, but that it was virtually constant throughout the sample. The conditional variance of the risk premium changed over time, but its unconditional distribution seemed stable across subsamples. Despite these features, the volatility of the series was substantial and varied considerably throughout the sample.     

资本账户开放、系统性金融风险与经济高质量发展

扩大资本账户开放是中国完善社会主义市场经济体制的重要举措。资本账户开放不仅对经济高质量发展存在直接传导渠道,亦可通过"撬动"金融稳定导致系统性金融风险,进而对经济高质量发展产生影响。那么,资本账户开放影响经济高质量发展的传导效应究竟如何?本文运用具备随机波动率特征的时变参数结构向量自回归模型动态识别资本账户开放、系统性金融风险及经济高质量发展的时变特征,并通过资本账户开放关键时点的选择,详细刻画资本账户开放的传导渠道。实证结果表明:一方面,"资本账户开放—经济高质量发展"直接传导渠道显示资本账户开放短期对经济高质量发展有显著的、波动性的影响,但中长期传导效应并不明确;另一方面,"资本账户开放—系统性金融风险—经济高质量发展"间接传导渠道表明,资本账户开放短期稳健抑制了系统性金融风险增长,但中长期易受国内外经济形势波动影响出现抑制弱化,增强系统性金融风险对经济高质量发展的负向影响,推进资本账户开放的积极作用不能通过金融渠道长期有效地传导至社会经济发展中。因此,中国应遵循自身发展实际,渐进、审慎地推进资本账户开放,在防范系统性金融风险的前提下,疏通金融支持经济高质量发展的渠道。     

对湖南省金融发展与城乡收入差距关系的协整分析

基于VAR模型,利用协整检验方法,并引进脉冲效应函数和方差分解技术,对1978～2007年的湖南省的金融发展和城乡收入差距关系进行了实证检验。结果表明:湖南金融发展与城乡收入差距之间存在一种长期的均衡关系;湖南金融发展规模和金融发展效率与城乡收入差距正相关,并由此提出了相应的政策建议。     

Spillover effects in oil-related CDS markets during and after the sub-prime crisis

This paper investigates the return and volatility spillover effects across oil-related credit default swaps (CDSs), the oil market, and financial market risks for the US during and after the subprime crises. The empirical analysis is based on monthly return and realized volatility data from February 2004 to April 2020. We estimate both static and dynamic generalized dynamic spillover measures based on vector autoregressive (VAR) models. Our full sample empirical findings show that the oil market is the primary source of risk transmission for all the oil-related credit default swaps, while the bond market is the highest source of risk transmission to the stock market and vice versa. We also provide evidence that the regulated monopoly US utility sector has the least role in volatility transmission. Furthermore, the bailout program conducted by the US Treasury and Federal Reserve helped stabilize the US financial market through the purchase of toxic assets after the subprime financial crisis. We find strong evidence that the federal funds rate hike cycles lessen total risk transmission throughout the US bond market. Finally, our findings assert that oil price shocks have a significant effect on the oil-related CDSs in some sub-periods via the demand and supply transmission channels.     

风险测量VAR及其原理

用公式可表示为:Prob(△P>VAR}=1-a(其中Prob表示:资产价值损失小于可能损失上限的概率;△P表示:某一金融资产在一定持有期△t的价值失额;VAR表示:给定置信水平a下的在险价值,即可能的损失上限;a表示:给定的置信水平。)     

Systemic risk of Chinese financial institutions and asset price bubbles

Although there has not been a large-scale systemic crisis in China, high-risk financial events have occurred continuously in recent years. This research thus creatively analyzes the determinants of systemic risk for Chinese financial institutions from the view of asset price bubbles. First, we identify bubbles in the China stock and real estate markets on the basis of the generalized sup Augmented Dickey-Fuller (GSADF) model and explain the reasons for bubble formations according to the stage of China's economic development and policies implementation. At this stage, considering the differences in economic development levels of different cities, the real estate bubbles in the first, second and third tier cities and the whole country were innovatively identified. Second, on the basis of the DCG-GARCH-CoVaR model to measure the systemic risk of listed financial institutions in China and to classify institutions, the results show that the main source of such risk is the banking sector. Furthermore, by constructing regression models, stock market bubbles and real estate bubbles both positively correlate with systemic risk throughout the sample period. Meanwhile, the impact of bubbles on the systemic risk of different types of financial institutions was taken into account so that regulators prioritized different types of institutions with different characteristics when faced with decisions. Finally, we provide macro-prudential policy advice to regulators in order to weaken the impact of bubbles on financial stability to avoid systemic crises.