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1.
我国政府供给偏好决定的一个经济学解释--政治均衡与经济效率 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
政府供给偏好包括政府供给的规模偏好与结构偏好,它们是社会各方政治影响力相互冲突和竞争的结果。我们通过构建“执政能力函数”,从最简单的消费者集团与纳税人集团政治影响力制衡模型,到多集团、多政府供给项目下的政府供给结构决定模型,再到官僚控制下的政府供给偏好决定模型,逐步阐释了政治均衡决定资源配置的低效率属性,进而说明,相对于市场,政府供给规模和范围边界的收敛趋势会促进社会资源配置效率的改进。在我国当前社会经济转型过程中,政府供给偏好的形成具有更多的动态特征,从提高整个社会资源配置效率和建设和谐社会的目标来看,公共决策的民主化虽然能够在一定程度上缓解政治均衡的低效率,但无法从根本上消除政治均衡决定资源配置的低效率属性,因此我国当前政府职能转型的核心重点不在于公共决策的完全民主化,而在于协调政府供给范围调整与市场经济深化的进程和路径。公平竞争、自发扩展的市场经济秩序是市场“内生型”政府供给偏好形成的基础。 相似文献
2.
农产品价格支持制度对稳定农业生产、促进经济发展和社会稳定有着很重要的积极意义。该制度的实施,自然有其客观必然性。但是,也会从整体上降低社会福利和市场效率、加重政府财政负担、容易引发贸易战。 相似文献
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4.
利润率平均化是经济学边际革命之前的基本概念和基本理论,但在边际革命后发展起来的西方主流经济学中却消失得无影无踪。该文对西方经济学现有逻辑进行了分析,认为只要是生产要素可以自由流动的竞争性市场,竞争的结果都能形成一个统一的市场——均衡市场和一个统一的正常利润率——均衡市场的统一正常利润率。这是对西方经济学市场价格理论的进一步发展。 相似文献
5.
本文利用政治均衡模型(political-equilibrium),以家庭教育—生育决策为传导机制来探讨初始分配不平等对经济增长的影响。在这种机制下的基本结论为:初始分配越不平等的国家,人均经济增长越低;不平等对低收入人群的影响要大于高收入人群;分配不平等与经济增长呈现负相关,而分配不平等与分配不平等的扩大趋势呈现正相关。本文还针对我国情况建立了一个模型,对我国经济增长和不平等发展的机理进行了简要的分析,并发现社会保障体系的完善在存在生育约束政策的国家中会产生与其他国家不同的效果。 相似文献
6.
公共品供给的政府效率解及其条件分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
传统经济理论认为,在任何一个集体中,因任何一种公共品的成本分摊与收益分享,都普遍存在着\"搭便车\"者的个人理性行为以及由此导致的集体非理性的结局———人人都无\"车\"可搭的\"公共\"悲剧,断言公共品供给是市场失败的领域,必须由政府替代。用斯密的市场秩序概念来处理所有的私人品,用霍布斯的主权国家概念来处理所有的公共品,也是市场经济国家资源配置制度安排的普遍选择。我认为,\"搭便车\"或经济人理性行为是合乎公理的经济学假设,但\"搭便车\"问题并不一定非由政府强制来解决不可。从理论上说,公共品的供给存在政府效率解,但政府效率解有严格的约束条件,公共品供给中的政府职能与政府失灵也都是相对于其效率条件以及满足这些条件的程度而言的。 相似文献
7.
论产权安排与经济效率 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据各相关产权主体的经济条件和具体环境界定产权 ,政府重点应放在产权保护上。政府保护哪些产权应根据如下原则 :(1)保护自愿交易 (无强制、欺诈 )中的交换价值或物品 ;(2 )保护资源及其使用中的增殖价值 ;(3)保护人及其不断提高的价值。社会主义市场经济下必须保持有经济效率的产权安排。 相似文献
8.
要素市场扭曲与中国经济效率 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《经济评论》2014,(2)
本文采用影子成本模型,从要素、时间和地区三个维度考察了中国要素市场扭曲的状态,并分析了技术效率、配置效率和经济效率的时变趋势与地区差异。结果发现:(1)劳动力、能源两种要素与资本之间存在相对价格扭曲和配置扭曲,且在研究期间均经历了方向上的逆转,劳动力和能源相对资本的价格由偏高转为偏低,投入由过剩转为不足。(2)东部、中部、西部地区的要素市场扭曲具有明显差异,表明要素市场存在严重的地区分割。(3)要素的价格扭曲和非效率配置,增加了经济运行成本,制约了整体经济效率的改进。改善配置效率,进而提升经济效率,必须进一步减少甚至消除要素市场扭曲,这就需要深化经济体制改革,减少行政管制造成的扭曲,加快要素市场的市场化改革和一体化建设。 相似文献
9.
由于对竞争性市场的长期均衡进行显性化表达比较困难,在国内外流行的教科书中,对竞争性厂商的长期供给函数始终保持沉默。本文利用经济成本函数代替会计成本函数的方法,通过建立一个简单的两行业模型而给出竞争性厂商的长期供给函数,并借助MATLAB软件对厂商和行业的长期供给曲线进行图形可视化处理。分析结果表明,随着市场需求的扩大,市场价格上升而典型厂商的均衡生产规模下降,从而得出竞争性厂商的长期供给曲线是向右下倾斜的。 相似文献
10.
文章从交易成本和专业化的视角,通过构建瓦尔拉斯一般均衡分析模型来讨论全球化条件下竞争性市场中“企业家精神(Entrepreneurship)”的演化和角色.研究指出,如果全球化条件下竞争性市场中的企业家精神是有效的,那么当从劳动分工中获得的收益超过具有固定学习成本的不同专业模式个体之间的交易成本时,劳动分工的网络效应就会被充分利用.因此,全球化条件下竞争性市场中的企业家精神可以通过扩大范围来提升总生产率,并且权衡劳动分工对总生产率的网络效应与交易成本.文章认为在经济转型过程中,对商业参与者而言,企业家精神是经济发展和提高企业竞争力的关键因素.除此之外,全球化水平和变动系数以及总交易效率系数的提高会促进劳动分工水平、参与者的人均实际收入水平和福利水平的提升. 相似文献
11.
探讨了探索性和应用性市场学习、突破式和渐进式创新与企业效率和效果绩效之间的差异化关系。基于303家中国企业双份调研数据的实证研究发现:渐进式创新正向促进突破式创新,并受竞争战略独特性正向调节;探索性市场学习比应用性市场学习更有助于促进突破式创新,而应用性市场学习比探索性市场学习更有助于促进渐进式创新;两种市场学习交互正向影响突破式和渐进式创新,但对突破式创新的影响更强;突破式创新比渐进式创新对绩效效率与效果两方面的提升都更大。 相似文献
12.
商业银行体系稳定性与竞争程度之测度研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
银行业的市场结构、竞争程度对银行的稳定性究竟起什么样的作用,是现今国际上讨论较多、但尚未达成一致意见的问题。运用相关数据对中国银行业情况进行实证分析,可得出集中的市场结构、和缓的竞争更有利于银行业稳定的结果。 相似文献
13.
Randall G. Holcombe 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2008,21(4):225-249
Twentieth century economics was dominated by the development and refinement of the concept of economic equilibrium. While
it is worthwhile to understand the properties of economic equilibrium, equilibrium concepts have dominated economic thought
to the point that they have obscured some of the more important issues economists have always strived to understand. At least
since Adam Smith’s time, economists have tried to understand the causes of prosperity, and how economic welfare can be enhanced,
but these issues are best understood outside the equilibrium framework. The foundations provided by the Austrian school point
toward ways that economic analysis can expand beyond the equilibrium framework.
相似文献
Randall G. HolcombeEmail: |
14.
噪声交易与市场质量 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文通过行业、规模、负债和成长能力的配对,建立起32家上证50成份股上市公司的控制样本,然后运用合理的计量方法,首次估计出符合我国股市微观结构的噪声交易高频时间序列,在此基础上深入分析噪声交易与信息不对称、流动性、波动性和有效性等市场质量指标之间的经验关系,发现:我国股市私人信息具有较高的相关性和持久性;噪声交易提高了交投活跃程度,同时却扩大了执行成本和价格波动幅度;噪声交易与信息不对称的关系不大;噪声交易使实际价差缩小,进而削弱了市场有效性。由此可见,噪声交易是一把"双刃剑",只有继续改革价格形成机制、增强价值投资力量、引导长期资金入市、完善信息披露制度并强化交易监控,才能进一步提高我国股市的质量。 相似文献
15.
Summary. With as the commodity space, the equilibrium price density is shown to be a continuous function of the commodity characteristics. The result is based on symmetry ideas from the Hardy-Littlewood-Pólya theory of rearrangements. It includes, but is not limited to, the case of symmetric (rearrangement-invariant) production costs and additively separable consumer utility. Examples arise in continuous-time utility pricing, e.g., electricity pricing. In this context, a continuously varying price has two uses. First, it precludes demand jumps that would arise from discontinuous switches from one price rate to another. Second, in the problems of operating and valuing hydroelectric and pumped-storage plants (studied elsewhere), price continuity guarantees that their capacities (viz., the reservoir and the converter), the energy stocks, and in the case of hydro also the river flows, have well-defined marginal values.Received: 9 May 2001, Revised: 8 July 2004, JEL Classification Numbers: C62, D51, D58, L94. Correspondence to: Anthony HorsleyPart of this work (CentER DP 9014) was completed at the Center for Economic Research, Tilburg University, whose financial support is gratefully acknowledged. The extension to storage was supported by ESRC grant R000232822. We also thank the referee and the editor for their comments. 相似文献
16.
程碧波 《技术经济与管理研究》2009,(6):84-87
既有经济增长及货币理论,主要是建立在单期生产模型的跨期迭代生产基础上。本论文认为,宏观经济最本质的特征,乃在于社会化大生产的串联生产和并行生产,以及货币流和实物流的相互配合,它们使宏观经济成为一个横向和纵向联系、货币与实物联系的整体。本论文构造了平衡增长模型,对经济危机的一般规律进行了解释,并以美国次贷为例进行了简明分析。 相似文献
17.
Several empirical studies have established the relationship between economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights, and economic growth. Nevertheless, few studies analyze the directions of causality. This paper studies the causality relations between the institutional dimensions mentioned above and economic growth, as well as the interrelations between them, using the Granger methodology with panel data for 187 countries and five-yearly observations for the period 1976–2000. In addition, the relations between these freedoms and investment in physical and human capital are examined, to be able to isolate the direct and indirect effects on growth. The authors acknowledge the suggestions made by the editor and the reviewers, which have improved this work with respect to its initial version. 相似文献
18.
Summary. Most of the literature argues that competitive analysis has nothing interesting to say about location. This paper argues, to the contrary, that a competitive model can have something interesting to say about location, provided that locations are not identical and transportation costs are not zero. To do this, it constructs a competitive intertemporal general equilibrium model and applies it to a suggestive example of migration.Received: 25 August 2003, Revised: 18 December 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: D5, R0.Our interest in this topic has been stimulated over the years by many conversations with Marcus Berliant. We thank an anonymous referee for exceptionally careful and useful comments. Financial support from the UCLA Academic Committee on Research (Ellickson, Zame) and the National Science Foundation (Zame) is gratefully acknowledged. Views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessary reflect the views of any funding agency. 相似文献
19.
Ling Shen 《Economic Theory》2007,31(2):343-366
Dictatorship is the predominant political system in many developing countries. However, different dictators act quite differently:
a good dictator implements growth-enhancing economic policies, e.g., investment in public education and infrastructure, whereas
a bad dictator taxes her citizens for her own consumption. The present paper provides a theoretical model by deriving underlying
determinants of dictatorial behavior. We assume that the engine of economic growth is private investment. It can increase
the productivity of individuals who invest, as well as the aggregate technological level. A good dictator encourages this
investment in order to tax more. However, the cost of this encouragement is that the ensuing higher growth rate will induce
earlier democratization. In this paper we will illustrate the risk of choosing a growth-enhancing policy, while leading to
additional tax revenues in the short-run will also increase the likelihood of a revolution resulting in the eventual overthrow
of the dictator. Furthermore, we will find that the higher the return from private investments the less likely the dictator
will be a good one. Contrary to McGuire and Olson (J Econ Lit 34:72–96, 1996) we find that a long life-time does not always
induce positive incentives among dictators.
I wish to thank Monika Merz, who carefully read the earlier version of this paper and provided many valuable suggestions.
I also would like to thank the editor, the anonymous referee, Uwe Sunde, Philipp Kircher and participants at the 4th international
annual conference of JEPA for helpful comments. I am grateful to Stephan Heim for his assistance. All possible errors are,
of course, mine. 相似文献
20.
The paper claims that, in The Wealth of Nations, the divisionof labour refers simultaneously to two different things: a socialdivision of labour and an organisational division of labour.The central point is that the organisation of work (the organisationaldivision of labour) in the firm is the logical counterpart ofthe social division of labour, and that these reflect two inseparableaspects of the process of the division of labour. Smith is thusconcerned with organisations as well as with markets, each functioningaccording to the same principle. Hence, Smith does not believethat the organisational and the social divisions of labour arefundamentally different, although he does recognise some variationbetween them and describes different states of the divisionof labour within the firm, liberal and capitalist. 相似文献