Multilateral finance and development

This article presents an outline of major international financial institutions, i.e. the Bretton Woods organisations. The focus of analysis is on the conceptions that have shaped the posture of these institutions on development issues and on their corresponding activities and problems.     

论市场全球化条件下的竞争政策

经济全球化使市场空间已经超出国家竞争政策①的管辖空间,健全的全球经济竞争政策对于保证国际经济关系的稳定性和多边贸易体制的有效性是十分重要的。本文首先分析市场全球化与世界垄断形成之间的关系,然后分析了现有多边贸易体制和国家竞争法②域外适用面对企业限制竞争行为的局限性,最后分析了世界贸易组织在竞争政策中的应有作用。     

WTO体制下竞争政策多边化的条件

在经济全球化背景下,各国经济都面临着比以往更激烈的竞争。出于国家利益的考虑,各国的竞争政策各行其是,其结果往往是顾此失彼,并且引发国际竞争领域的争端。国际上要求在 WTO 体制下达成竞争政策多边化的呼声越来越高,本文主要阐述了实现这一目标所需要具备的条件。     

双边抑或多边：论FTA对WTO多边贸易体制的影响

由于多哈发展议程陷入困境,使WTO的多边贸易体制正遭受前所未有的挑战。与WTO多边谈判举步维艰不同的是,自由贸易协定和区域性贸易安排正如火如荼进行。FTA在推动WTO多边贸易体制发展的同时也对其构成了威胁。但是由于FTA本身的局限性,以及当前国际金融危机之下的贸易保护主义盛行,WTO多边贸易体制需要不断的完善,以促进世界经济的恢复与发展。     

Revitalising Multilateral Trade Governance

The WTO provides extensive flexibility for members to engage with each other. Using this, WTO members should identify a road map for the future and a work programme to update and expand the rulebook to address trade-distorting nontariff policies that are not or only partially covered by current WTO rules.Expanding the WTO rulebook, accepting greater reciprocity and improving the organisation’s operation are necessary for revitalising the WTO.     

Emerging markets and the Multilateral Development Banks

Flexible, innovative institutions are integral to meeting the development challenges of the next century. Multilateral Development Banks have been the focus of intense criticism, and that criticism is now resonating from increasingly organized opposition groups. As the MDBs strive to increase their private sector focus by adopting a range of promarket policies, they are caught in a race against time. Countries and firms alike are turning to emerging capital markets for funding traditionally sought from MDBs. Are the Banks capable of transforming themselves into efficient, responsive and effective institutions? Or will they become historical footnotes? Lacking a coherent and reasoned defense, the difficult job of maintaining public support may become impossible.     

Multilateral policies for east-west trade

Trade between eastern and western industrial nations amounts to barely 4 p.c. of the total foreign trade of the latter, yet the interest in this part of world trade is disproportionally great. A number of many-sided studies have been devoted to East-West trade, and their results have given sufficient knowledge of the special difficulties which accompany East-West trade transactions.     

Bilateral versus Multilateral Trade and Investment Liberalisation

To assess the welfare effects of bilateral versus multilateral trade and/or investment liberalisation in general equilibrium, we set up a three‐country and three‐factor knowledge‐capital model of trade and multinational activity. Numerical simulation results indicate that multilateral liberalisation tends to dominate bilateral liberalisation in welfare terms. A transition economy tends to prefer bilateral over multilateral liberalisation to avoid plant relocation. For similar reasons, a developed country may prefer bilateral over multilateral liberalisation, if the other economies exhibit big relative factor endowment differences.     

多边贸易体制2010年年终盘点及2011年展望

2010年是世界经济缓慢复苏的一年。在全球失业率居高不下的阴霾中,多边贸易体制又经历了一年保护主义重压的考验,喜忧参半。本文以WTO秘书处最近公布的若干报告和开展的研讨会讨论内容为基础,对当前世界贸易环境和多边贸易体制下多哈回合的谈判情况予以综述,强调WTO成员需采纳秘书处意见、在多边贸易体制下理性看待全球贸易不平衡问题;需认识到历经9年的共同努力多哈回合谈判已经成果颇丰;需加强忧患意识、全力以赴在2011年完成多哈回合谈判。     

国内透明与WTO多边贸易体制

<正> 保持贸易政策透明是 WTO 多边贸易体制的一项基本原则,也是实现 WTO 宗旨和目标的重要手段。但从 GATT 到WTO,其透明原则实际上是一种国际透明,即一成员必须使其贸易政策为其它成员所了解和知悉,而并没有要求其贸易政策也为其国内的组织和公民所知悉。近二十年多年来,人们逐渐认识到,保持贸易政策的国内透明也是防止和消除贸易保护主义的重要手段。在一些国家已建立了专门的国内贸易     

Multilateral rules on foreign direct investment

During the last decade the world stock of foreign direct investment has more than doubled. Nevertheless, considerable impediments to FDI continue to exist. The following paper discusses these and offers an answer to the question as to whether multilateral rules on FDI are necessary to remove these barriers and what form these rules could take.     

多边贸易体制的博弈机制

以GATT／WTO为代表的多边贸易体制是摆脱贸易政策选择“囚徒困境”的制度性安排．它为各成员参与多边贸易体制提供了一个博弈平台。文章介绍了贸易政策选择“囚徒困境”．并从多边贸易体制的产生、建设者、互惠原则、最惠国待遇原则、争端解决机制、谈判机制等各方面分析了其运行的博弈原理,说明多边贸易体制本身就是一个博弈系统。     

竞争情报与企业竞争

竞争情报的产生和发展是市场竞争的客观要求 ,随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展 ,我国成功地加入WTO ,市场竞争将日趋激烈 ,只有全面把握竞争环境 ,了解竞争对手的情报 ,制定科学的竞争策略 ,企业才能在竞争中取得优势 ,竞争情报在市场竞争中将发挥更重要的作用     

A Comparative Analysis of Multilateral Environmental Negotiations

Global environmental problems pose important diplomatic and legal challenges to the international community. The nature of these problems requires an unprecedented degree of international cooperation that is achieved through multilateral negotiation, which is often shaped by scientific uncertainty, the complexity of the issues, and the wide range of actors and interests. One way of analyzing and explaining this complicated process is through the use of comparative analysis. By breaking down the negotiating process into a series of phases and turning points, it becomes easier to analyze the roles of different actors, the management of issues, the formation of groups and coalitions, and the art of consensus building. This article uses comparative analysis to characterize, develop, and specify a model of the multilateral environmental negotiation process. The model is elaborated upon inductively through a comparative analysis of eleven cases of multilateral environmental negotiations. Statistical techniques are used to determine whether there is any relationship among attributes of the process (within the phases or at the turning points) and between these characteristics and outcomes.     

国际贸易中的竞争政策及其多边协调

随着国际经济的不断融合，竞争政策对贸易的影响日益增大，协调国与国之间的竞争政策正越来越成为国际社会的重要课题。但竞争政策的协调是一个关系到各国经济状况的敏感问题，建立一个什么样的多边竞争框架，随着贸易、投资与各国国内竞争政策的磨合，多边协调特别是WTO的争端解决机制将担负重任。     

多哈部长级会议与新的多边贸易谈判

<正> 多哈部长级会议已经艰难地结束了,两项主要任务(接纳中国入世与准备启动新的多边贸易谈判)也已基本顺利完成。尤其是接纳中国入世的这一任务完成得十分漂亮。回顾多哈会议的前前后后,研究多哈会议的实际内容,展望准备启动新的多边贸易谈判的前景,是各国政府、WTO 官员和专家、学者面临的共同课题。