跨国金融机构对外直接投资分析:理论与效应

跨国公司对外直接投资已成了世界经济增长与发展的重要推动力量。经济一体化、金融自由化使跨国金融机构对外直接投资日益凸显;从理论上看,金融机构跨国投资也符合邓宁的国际生产折衷理论这一直接投资主流理论。文章分析总结了跨国金融机构对外直接投资具有货币金融效应、经济一体化效应、东道国经济自主权与安全效应等多重效应,并给出了几点启示。     

气云爆炸效应研究方法分析

燃气管道泄露导致的气云爆炸一直是石油化工行业的重大灾害之一,本文介绍了在燃气爆炸研究中常用的几种评估气云爆炸效应的理论方法。比较了各种理论方法在使用时的优缺点,分析了几种计算方法的适用情况。给危险区域和危险等级的划分提供参考。     

实现碳达峰的需求结构效应

准确理解和把握实现碳达峰对需求结构变化的影响，有助于协同推进碳达峰与需求结构升级，继而推动构建新发展格局和实现经济高质量发展。本文尝试将碳减排与需求结构联系起来，基于碳减排的遵循成本效应、创新补偿效应、要素配置效应，阐明了碳减排直接和间接影响需求结构的机制，是从理论上分析环境规制影响需求结构的有益尝试。将上述机制与涵盖经济—能源—环境的可计算一般均衡模型相结合，本文评估了从当前到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化这一阶段实现碳达峰对中国需求结构的潜在影响。理论分析和模拟研究结果表明，来自遵循成本效应和要素配置效应的直接影响会降低需求中的消费份额和碳密集型产品份额。源自遵循成本效应、要素配置效应和创新补偿效应的间接影响具有不确定性，且沿其传导链逐级衰减。由此，研究期内碳减排的直接影响将占据主导地位，从而引起需求中资本形成份额挤占消费份额，甚至有可能导致消费份额从稳步增长轨道转向下降轨道，但同时会促进居民消费结构、出口结构和能源需求结构的低碳转型。本文认为，为协同推进碳达峰和需求结构优化调整，应尽快完善碳总量控制制度，着力提升居民可支配收入，加大消费激励力度，充分内部化碳边际减排成本。     

IT业的基本特征与竞争模式

网络效应、路径依赖、报酬递增、标准的必要性等构成了IT业的特征，在一定程度上决定着IT业的经济运作规律。IT业特有的形式上高度垄断的市场结构与实质上不断加速的行业创新进程，与传统理论对市场经济的判断和分析产生了冲突。正确理解IT业的市场结构以及这一结构下的竞争状况，是理论研究的一个新的领域。     

北京市能源消费的因素分解分析

本文利用迪氏对数指标分解法(LMDI)对北京市17个行业2005～2009年间的能源消费变动进行因素分解分析.将能源消费增长的总效应分解为3个部分:生产效应、结构效应和强度效应.生产效应是经济增长对能源消费增长的贡献,结构效应反映产业结构调整对能源消费增长的贡献,强度效应是指能源效率提高时能源消费增长的贡献.实证研究结果表明,生产效应是导致北京市能源消费增长的主要因素,结构效应和强度效应则延缓了能源消费总量的增长,但生产效应明显大于结构效应和强度效应之和,因此能源消费在此期间表现为增加.值得注意的是强度效应高于结构效应.     

数据要素提升经济增长的理论机制与效应分析——基于新古典经济学与新结构经济学的对比分析北大核心

数据要素作为数字经济时代的关键生产要素,有利于提高经济增长,其理论机理:(1)数据要素作为生产要素直接投入生产促进经济增长,发挥直接效应;(2)数据要素投入后与其他生产要素相互促进、协调发展,同时也会改变生产结构、促进禀赋结构变迁,间接促进经济增长,发挥间接效应。本文采用增长核算模型和发展核算模型,在对新古典生产函数以及新结构生产函数进行拓展的基础上,考察数据要素积累影响经济增长的理论机制。研究发现,在两种新生产函数下,数据要素积累均能产生直接效应;长期跨国收入差距均取决于技术差距和人均数据积累速度。此外,依据新结构的新生产函数,数据要素积累还能发挥间接效应;人均资本结构变迁差距和人均数据结构变迁差距也是长期跨国收入差距的原因。因此应该重视数据要素积累,发挥直接效应和间接效应,加速实现中国经济增长。     

技术创新与城市经济增长波动——基于我国15 个副省级城市面板数据的实证研究

本文以熊彼特增长理论和经济周期理论为指导, 以我国 15 个副省级城市 2000～2017年的面板数据构建变截距模型和控制地区因素的变系数模型, 实证了城市技术创新对城市经济增长波动的影响,并分析其内在作用机制。 结果显示, 城市技术创新的波动与城市经济增长波动之间存在稳定的负向关系, 表明技术创新对城市经济增长波动具有熨平效应。 这种效应通过市场机制发挥作用, 由城市经济结构决定, 预示着持续的技术创新是获得城市稳定经济增长的关键, 调整优化经济结构是获得创新能力的有效途径。     

经济发展对能源和环境的影响因素分析

本文从规模效应、结构效应以及技术效应3个方面分析工业部门的能源消耗和污染物排放,研究结果表明:十一五期间,经济规模的快速扩大带来的规模效应是我国工业能源消耗和SO2排放增加的唯一原因;单位GDP的能源消耗降低、减排技术的改进带来的技术效应对抑制能源消耗和污染排放起到了极其重要的作用;工业内部结构变化带来的结构效应一定程度上发挥了抑制能源消耗和污染排放的作用。但是,经过十一五期间大规模节能减排努力后,未来节能减排的技术和结构空间会越来越小,难度会越来越大。     

区域创新能力的空间格局及溢出效应测度研究

创新是推动中国经济高质量发展的源泉。本文基于区域创新系统理论,选取36项基础指标构建了中国区域创新能力综合评价指标体系,测算了中国30个省市2000~2019年的区域创新能力相对总得分,分析了其时空演变过程,并用空间杜宾回归模型对其溢出效应进行测度。研究发现样本期间中国区域创新能力局部与整体基本上都呈现增长型演变格局,但存在区域间的差异性,而且表现出一定的空间集聚特征;创新能力的空间溢出效应显著为正;产业结构的直接效应显著为负;环境规制的间接效应和总效应均显著为负;城镇化水平、所有制结构和市场化程度的直接效应显著为正,间接效应显著为负,并基于上述结论提出参考建议。     

上市公司债权治理效应的实证研究

一、前言 债权治理与公司绩效关系的理论源于资本结构理论,对债权治理效应的研究也相应源于对公司资本结构与公司治理效率之间关系的研究.     

等面积异形柱与矩形柱多层框架的结构性能对比分析

为研究当框架柱截面面积相等时,采用异形柱和矩形柱对结构性能的影响,结合某6层框架住宅建筑,在保证同一位置处的异形柱与矩形柱截面面积相等的条件下,运用结构设计软件SATWE分别进行矩形柱框架和异形柱框架的结构设计,对这2种结构进行了地震作用下的层间位移角、楼层最大位移、楼层剪力、剪重比以及结构自振周期、振型等抗震性能的对比分析;根据规范选取了3条地震波,分别运用SATWE和EPDA软件对这2种结构进行弹性和弹塑性时程分析;从钢筋用量的角度进行了经济性的对比分析。结果表明,当框架柱截面面积相等时,和矩形柱框架相比,异形柱框架的抗震性能较好,但经济性稍差一些。研究结果为不同条件下异形柱与矩形柱的选用提供了理论参考。     

节能环保与经济增长双重目标下我国重工业结构的调整研究

本文以规模经济作为主要理论基础,结合环境理论等,探讨了重工业结构调整推进节能减排和经济增长的机制和对策.要保持经济的可持续发展并促进节能减排水平的提高,需要对重工业结构进行调整.将单位GDP能耗的影响因素进行分解,并探寻它们之间的相互关系:技术进步与产业结构高度化之间的相互作用、规模经济与重工业产业组织结构之间的相互作用、聚集经济及环境容量与重工业产业布局结构之间的相互作用,共同促进了节能减排水平的提高和重工业的发展及经济的增长,这构成了重工业结构调整促进节能减排和经济增长的机制.最后,我们提出了重工业结构调整包括产业结构高度化、产业组织结构调整和产业布局结构调整的对策.     

Offshore outsourcing of services: An evolutionary perspective

Offshore outsourcing is gaining increasing importance and attention in both theory and practice. The purpose of this research is to use nine in-depth case studies to analyze the evolution of offshore services outsourcing with regard to how expectations and governance structures change over time. Five testable propositions are presented, building on institutional theory, transaction cost, and resource-based perspectives. The cases demonstrate that offshore outsourcing is initiated because of increasing internal and external pressure to conform and reduce costs. Moreover, companies “chase” efficiency improvements in other geographic locations. But after reducing costs, companies discover more strategic benefits such as the potential to increase quality and market share. Importantly, as buyer–supplier relationships move from tactical to more strategic, expectations and governance structures change.     

Unitarism, Pluralism, Interests and Values

The paper notes that in both management theory and pluralist political theory there has recently been increased emphasis on culture and values. The implication is that the ideas of unitarism and pluralism in industrial relations need to be reconsidered. Traditionally, they have been expounded in terms of interests, and values are significantly different from interests. An emphasis on values rather than interests raises some new problems both for unitarists and pluralists. For unitarists, 'managing values' can involve paradox and contradiction. For pluralists, emphasis on values requires a new conception of the process by which differences are reconciled, and may require changes to union structures.     

Dimensions of space in business network research

Interactive processes constitute a core notion in business exchange, leading to the concepts of relationships and networks. The constitution of process, comprising unfolding events, activities, and connected structures, relies on difference in space and time. While research has been devoted to time, the concept of space has thus far remained largely unexplored within business network research.This conceptual paper focuses on spatial dimensions for conducting research according to the IMP business network approach. Business actors create connected relationships and networks that exist and change as continuous emerging spatial structures and as mental maps in the managerial mindset. These relational network processes and structures are located, distributed and experienced in and across space. Drawing on economic geography and conceptual frameworks from the business network approach, we propose new dimensions and conceptualizations of space for the study of these networks. The paper delivers proposals to extend our current understanding of business networks as emerging and changing spatio-temporal entities with implications for theory development, research and practice.     

When Do Companies Train Low-Skilled Workers? The Role of Institutional Arrangements at the Company and Sectoral Level

The article investigates how institutional arrangements at the organizational and sectoral level affect the likelihood and size of employer investments in continuing training for low-skilled workers in Germany. By building on comparative political economy and organizational theory, hypotheses are derived and tested. Regression analysis based on the IAB Establishment Survey (waves 2011 and 2013) shows evidence that the training participation of low-skilled workers is related to institutional differences between sectors and organizations. At the organizational level, structures of employee representation and formalized HR policies are positively associated with higher rates of training participation among low-skilled workers. Moreover, there is evidence that low-skilled workers benefit in organizational clusters that are characterized by structures of employee representation, formalized HR practices, and bargaining coverage. At the sectoral level, this study finds evidence that low-skilled workers in the health care and manufacturing sector are more likely to receive continuing training.     

Why and How Combining Strong and Weak Ties within a Single Interorganizational R&D Collaboration Outperforms Other Collaboration Structures

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate why and how an ambidextrous interorganizational R&D collaboration outperforms other collaboration structures in the creation of innovation. This research effort contributes to a growing stream of research in social network theory suggesting that the contradictory theories of the strength of weak ties and weak network structures on the one hand and the theory of strong ties and closed network structures on the other have a mutually reinforcing effect on innovation outcomes if combined rather than considered separately. An in‐depth exploratory single case study approach within an innovatively organized national R&D collaboration allowed giving further evidence for such a superior innovation performance and for this research to contribute to theory by demonstrating why and how such a combination may lead to higher innovation output and how this effect can be actively reinforced. It is suggested that the combination of strong and weak ties should occur at the individual rather than at the project or firm level. The authors distinguish between the additive effects of the respective innovation benefits of strong and weak ties, a positive interaction effect in the portfolio of dyadic ties of an individual and a second multilevel interaction effect of weak ties embedded in the ambidextrous network structure. Referring to previous empirical findings, intellectual property regulation and structural interdependency between network members showed a higher impact than trust with regard to leveraging weak ties and are important sources for achieving the multilevel interaction effect. Managerial implications of this research are that a large network will outperform several smaller, independent networks given that the right structure and processes are in place. Direct implications for the architecture of an ambidextrous R&D collaboration are discussed, and a framework for a new form of technology R&D collaboration called “semi‐open organization” is presented, which places itself between the extremes of traditional R&D in closed organizations and completely “open innovation” approaches.     

EXPLAINING FIRM CAPITAL STRUCTURE: THE ROLE OF AGENCY THEORY VS. TRANSACTION COST ECONOMICS

The study of capital structure has increasingly gained importance in strategic management research. Paradigms derived from organizational economics have also gained popularity in explaining firm actions. Agency theory and transaction cost economics represent two such paradigms that rely on the notion of market imperfections. Notwithstanding the similarities between them, these two offer different explanations of the role of debt and equity in a firm. The governance abilities of the financing structures and the nature of assets of the firm provide two key sources of differences. Viewing capital structure from transaction cost economics gives rise to predictions that are contradictory to those presented by agency theory. It is argued that the extant evidence mainly supports the transaction cost viewpoint. Two organizational phenomena—leveraged buyouts and product diversification—are used to highlight the comparison.     

Contestability and creative destruction: Two approaches to monopoly

The theory of contestability ’attempts to base a model of economic efficiency on oligopolistic markets, thereby justifying adoption of laissez-faire policies in the absence of atomistic competition. The analysis is similar to Schumpeter’s condemnation of government intervention in the theory of creative destruction: both theories claim that superior economic performance is associated with concentrated rather than competitive market structures. Yet in many respects the contestability analysis is less convincing than Schumpeter’s. Whereas Schumpeter admitted the existence of short rum profits and restrictive strategies, arguing that these inefficiencies, are outweighed in the long run, the theory of contestable markets is based on short run efficiency and cannot accommodate evidence of excess profits nor many of the existing models of oligopolistic strategies, including collusion and predatory pricing. Furthermore, the theory lacks a logical explanation of investment, by entrants and convincing empirical support for its claim that concentrated markets maximize consumer welfare.