“双碳”目标下供应链低碳转型与效率提升研究

本文使用碳减排水平的对数函数及该函数的二次Taylor多项式,描述碳减排水平对低碳产品需求的影响,构建由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的低碳供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,分析消费者低碳意识、制造商碳减排成本系数对供应链低碳转型、协调以及供应链效率提升的影响。研究结果表明：第一,消费者低碳意识的提高、制造商碳减排成本系数的降低,均可实现零售商和制造商利润的帕累托改进,同时促使制造商加大碳减排力度,降低供应链碳排放水平,推动供应链低碳转型。第二,零售商和制造商利他偏好的提高不能实现供应链利润的帕累托改进,较高的制造商利他偏好与较低的零售商利他偏好组合更有利于提高供应链效率并降低供应链的碳排放。上述研究结论的政策启示：应进一步提升公众的绿色低碳意识和偏好,促使企业加大碳减排力度和低碳技术研发投入,积极推动供应链低碳转型;应引导供应链成员支持供应链碳排放源企业的低碳转型,优化合作以实现各方利润的帕累托改进,提高供应链效率。     

产品网络外部性对低碳供应链减排与定价决策影响研究

笔者在产品具有网络外部性的背景下探讨产品网络外部性对于低碳供应链中各节点企业的碳减排水平、产品定价及最优利润等的影响,进而设计了低碳供应链节点企业间的决策协调机制。现有相关研究成果主要涉及政府规制、节点企业行为特征等因素对低碳供应链决策的影响,尚无产品网络外部性对低碳供应链决策影响机理的探讨。笔者基于Stackelberg博弈理论,在集中决策与分散决策两种模式下分别构建了产品存在网络外部性的低碳供应链决策模型,运用逆向归纳法对决策模型进行求解,并对决策结果进行比较分析。研究发现:低碳供应链在集中决策抑或分散决策模式下,随着产品网络外部性增强,单位产品的碳减排水平提升,产品的零售价格提高,低碳供应链整体的利润增加。在分散决策模式下,随着产品网络外部性增强,低碳供应链的决策效率损失加大。收益共享契约可以实现低碳供应链决策效率的Pareto优化,但无法达到完全协调状态,而Nash谈判-两部定价契约则可以实现低碳供应链决策的完全协调。研究结论揭示了产品网络外部性对低碳供应链节点企业减排与定价决策的影响机理,有助于低碳供应链节点企业更好地理解产品网络外部性对企业决策的作用与价值,为产品具有网络外...     

考虑随机市场需求和零售商风险规避的绿色供应链内部融资策略研究

在绿色供应链市场中,通过零售商向供应商提供投资或贷款,可以减少因供应商资金不足、无法正常组织生产引起的零售商以及整个供应链的损失。在随机市场需求情形下,构建供应商资金约束的供应链内部股权融资和债权融资模型,分析供应商和零售商的最优决策和对其的影响。研究发现,随着消费者绿色偏好、零售商的风险规避程度以及利润分配率的增加,产品绿色度和产品批发价格相应提高;在供应商资金约束的情况下,无论进行股权融资还是债权融资,产品绿色度都会提高;供应商和零售商为了实现自身利益最大化会选择不同的融资策略,只有当利润分配率控制在一定区间时,实行股权融资模式,才能使双方均实现利益最大化。     

零售商主导型供应链中不同博弈结构的分析

在零售商主导的二级供应链中,供应商之间不同的博弈结构对产品价格、供应链各成员以及整体利润有影响。当供应商实力均衡并同时决策时,产品的批发价、零售价都要低于供应商之间为主从关系时进行决策行动的情况。此时,供应商的利润受损,而零售商和整体供应链的利润增加,另外,当产品之间的替代率增加时,产品批发价、零售价和供应商的利润都减少,而零售商的利润增加,供应链的利润变化不大,说明产品替代率的增加只是改变了供应链成员的利润分配。     

零售商信息分享影响延保服务供应链产品定价及服务质量决策机理探讨

当零售商与生产商分享需求预测信息时,对延保服务供应链的产品定价、服务定价和服务质量决策均产生影响,但现有文献尚未涉及有关零售商信息分享对延保服务供应链成员企业定价及服务质量决策的影响机理。笔者依据主从博弈理论,通过建立延保服务供应链分别采用集中决策与分散决策两种模式、零售商进行信息分享或不分享情形下的决策模型,对不同决策模式下延保服务供应链成员的均衡产品价格高低、延保服务价格高低及延保服务质量优劣之对比分析,探讨零售商与生产商进行需求信息分享对延保服务供应链成员的产品价格、延保服务价格及延保服务质量决策的影响机理。研究发现：随着消费者的延保服务质量敏感性提高、价格敏感性降低及延保服务成本系数减小,集中决策模式下需求信息分享使得延保服务供应链整体利润提升的额度增大;分散决策模式下,若零售商对市场需求的预测值大于市场需求的均值,信息分享使得产品批发价及零售价、延保服务批发价及质量均提高。本研究揭示了需求信息分享对延保服务供应链成员定价及延保服务质量决策的影响机理,丰富了延保服务供应链运营决策研究的现有文献,为合理运用需求预测信息优化延保服务供应链运营决策提供了理论依据。     

生鲜供应链融资与投保策略分析

本文考虑针对由一个生鲜产品供应商和一个零售商组成的双渠道生鲜供应链,分析资金约束零售商采取债权融资和股权融资策略下的相关问题,并考虑投保策略对融资问题的影响。研究表明：当消费者对生鲜产品新鲜度的敏感度较低时,零售商选择债权融资更优;线上渠道内消费者的敏感度偏高时,供应商投保而零售商进行股权融资能获得更大利润;在其他影响因素不变的条件下,投保情况下生鲜产品的最优批发价格和最优零售价格都要比不投保情况下的价格更低;保费比率越低,供应商越倾向于投保。     

带有两次订购机会的合作型供应链的协调

本文对期权合同模型进行了改进,增加了易逝品的期末残值,考虑了供应商和零售商对于剩余产品的不同出清优势,以改进的期权合同和批发价格合同为基础,经典报童模型和集中决策型供应链的最优决策为协作目标,设计组合合同模型实现一次生产两次订购模式下的合作型供应链的协调,并给出了最优合同参数的确定方法.     

零售商提高食品安全问题研究

近年品牌零售商食品安全在我国频发,本文尝试运用系统动力学的方法来研究面对消费者和工商部门的压力情形下,零售商提高对供应商的产品抽检率后,供应商生产工艺的变化、供应商和零售商的利润水平的变化。为研究食品供应链中的食品安全问题提供一种新的思路。     

零售商提高食品安全问题研究

近年品牌零售商食品安全在我国频发，本文尝试运用系统动力学的方法来研究面对消费者和工商部门的压力情形下，零售商提高对供应商的产品抽检率后，供应商生产工艺的变化、供应商和零售商的利润水平的变化。为研究食品供应链中的食品安全问题提供一种新的思路。     

再制造系统最优合同设计

再制造工程的经济、环保、自然资源节约以及缓解就业压力等方面的作用,已经在工业发达国家得到充分的证实。在分散决策的情况下,由零售商进行废旧品回收的模式是最优的,但与集中决策的供应链绩效相比还表现出一定的低效率或不效率。本文在比较分散决策与集中决策供应链绩效的基础上,对分散决策模型进行优化改进,设计最优激励合同,以提高实际分散决策的绩效,为工业实践提供理论指导最后指出了未来的研究方向。     

The real effects of bank taxation: Evidence for corporate financing and investment

This paper examines how bank taxation affects the financing decisions and investment activities of corporates. Exploiting exogenous tax variation at the bank level, we show that taxing banks' gross profits leads to higher bank leverage, and results in lower risk and credit supply. The contraction in credit supply has implications for corporate debt financing and investment activity. Corporates more exposed to banks subject to gross profit tax exhibit lower leverage and rely less on bank debt. Corporates partly offset lower bank financing by switching to bond financing. The cost of bond financing increases with corporate exposure to the tax. A greater exposure also impacts negatively on corporate investment activity. Overall, our results highlight the importance of bank taxation for corporate financing and investment decisions.     

Profit taxes and financing constraints

Without financing frictions, profit taxes reduce investment by their effect on the user cost of capital. With financing constraints, investment becomes sensitive to cash-flow. In this situation, even small taxes impose first order welfare losses, and ACE and cash-flow tax systems are no longer neutral. When banks become active and provide monitoring services in addition to finance, an ACE tax yields larger investment and welfare than an equal yield cash-flow tax.     

Power purchase agreements with incremental tariffs in local currency: An innovative green finance tool

Investment volume in green projects, specifically in the green electricity market, suffers from limitations such as inadequate long-term financing, various risks, and a low rate of return on investment. Renewable energy power purchase agreements (PPAs), as a direct legal contract between a power provider and a power buyer, are one of the most popular instruments to increase investment. In this study, we model an adjusted PPA in the local currency framework to lower exchange rate risk and incremental tariffs by having the government pay part of the spillover tax revenues to the PPA, leading to a higher return on investment. The major conclusion of this study is that the use of tax revenue through the spillover effect of green electricity supply is a suitable source of financing for PPAs. As one policy implication, we recommend that developing countries allocate 50% of the tax revenue originating from power supply and adopt incremental PPAs to encourage private investment in green projects.     

Is investment–cashflow sensitivity a good measure of financial constraints?

Since Fazzari et al. (1988), investment–cashflow sensitivity has been one of the most important indicators for testing and measuring the external financial constraints of corporations. This study analyzes the effect of changes in the relative cost of internal and external financing on investment decisions in response to tax changes. China’s 2004 VAT reform decreased companies’ effective tax rates, leading to an increase in operating cashflow. This, in turn, reduced the internal cost of financing and the value of the tax shield and increased the cost of debt financing. This study shows that in the case of the VAT reform, investment–cashflow sensitivity increased significantly, whereas cash holdings–cashflow sensitivity and borrowing-slack sensitivity did not significantly change. We conclude that investment–cashflow sensitivity is not an effective measure of financial constraints under information asymmetry, but cash–cashflow sensitivity and borrowing-slack sensitivity may be useful alternatives.     

减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响

本文主要探讨减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响。理论上,减税政策对企业债务期限结构产生两种方向相反的效果:一是减税后企业盈利状况改善,激励银行通过延长债务期限以争取企业客户;二是减税后企业可支配现金流增加,加剧银行与企业间的委托代理问题,促使银行缩短债务期限以便加强企业监督。本文以所得税减半征收政策作为自然实验,基于全国税收调查数据库(2010-2015)考察了减税政策对小微企业债务期限结构的影响。实证结果显示:减税后企业的债务期限整体得以延长;如果减税后企业的盈利状况改善更多,或可支配现金流增长更缓,企业债务期限延长幅度更大。此外,本文发现在快速扩张行业、有产能过剩风险行业以及房地产上下游关联行业中的企业往往会因为较强的代理成本效应而面临减税后债务期限的边际缩短。本文研究结论对改善企业融资结构,特别对提高小微企业获取中长期贷款能力,有一定的参考意义。     

"两税合一"对企业融资结构选择的效应分析——以山东省为例

"两税合一"是指内、外资企业执行统一的所得税税率。本文通过对山东省部分企业的调查发现:在现行融资格局下,企业融资结构选择对名义税率变动的敏感性较弱,但与实际税率却存在符合理论分析的相关性,而且短期内税收政策由于受融资渠道和投资需求等因素的屏蔽作用,其税率调整幅度不足以构成对企业融资方式选择的重大影响,长期则会推动企业融资结构的调整。     

碳交易与碳税机制比较研究

碳税和碳交易作为主要的碳减排政策工具被大多数重视碳减排的国家所采用。基于对比碳税与碳交易在理论基础、效果成本、减排效果、监督机制以及未来适应性等方面的差异,结合两种政策的执行现状和中国国情,中国应建立碳排放交易与适度碳税相结合的复合政策,降低碳排量,以应对日益凸显的环境问题。     

Do corporate tax cuts increase investments?

This paper studies the effect of corporate taxes on investment. Since firms with a foreign parent have more cross-country profit shifting opportunities than domestically owned firms do, their effective tax rate and, consequently, their tax-induced costs to investment are lower. We therefore expect capital investment responses to a corporate tax cut to be heterogeneous across firms. Using firm-level data on German corporations, we exploit the 2008 tax reform, which substantially cut corporate taxes as an exogenous policy shock and expect domestically owned firms' investments to be more responsive to the reform. We show exactly this in a difference-in-differences setting. We find that the reduction in corporate tax payments led to a one-to-one increase in the real investments of domestic firms. The effect is stronger for domestic firms relying more on internal funds. Correspondingly, labor investment increased more for domestic firms, ensuring a constant mix of input factors. In addition, we show that domestic firms' sales grew faster after the tax cut than the sales of foreign-owned firms. Our results imply that corporate tax changes can increase corporate investment but that domestic firms benefit more than foreign-owned firms from a tax cut through higher investment responses resulting in greater sales growth.     

The effect of leverage on the tax-cut versus investment-subsidy argument

Two common methods of attracting corporate investment are investment incentives and tax incentives. It is important to use the two incentives in the correct proportions, otherwise the government will give up too much value in the process of attracting investment. This paper examines the effect of tax cut and investment subsidy on the government's net benefit from a project. Earlier studies concluded that it was optimal to use only investment subsidy and no tax cuts. We show that this is not true when debt financing is possible, and it is generally optimal (from the government's perspective) to use a combination of tax reduction and investment subsidy. The optimal tax rate and optimal investment subsidy are identified and analyzed in the paper. It is shown that using a sub-optimal combination of incentives can result in substantial reduction of benefits for the government.