中小板上市公司IPO:并购扩张还是内部成长?

本文从中小板上市公司IPO后并购及资本支出这一视角,来研究公司的IPO动因。研究证实了IPO募集资金量与资本支出的正相关关系,且公司内部投资是中小板上市公司的主要发展途径。在并购强度高的行业内,并购则成为上市公司IPO后可能选择的另一种扩张方式。此外,IPO后的股票增发及债务融资也为公司发展提供后续资本支持,可看作是公司IPO的间接动因。     

并购对价与融资方式选择:控制权转移与风险承担——基于吉利并购沃尔沃的案例分析

并购对价和融资方式是实现公司控制权转移的支付手段和资金保证,不同的对价和融资方式反映了不同的控制权转移风险。本文以吉利并购沃尔沃为主线,分析并购对价方式和融资方式的影响因素及其对并购整合的影响。本文研究的启示是,相对现金对价,股票对价和混合对价可使并购双方共同分担海外并购风险。在外部融资选择中,除银行贷款、债券或股票融资外,利用海外并购项目的号召力,引进政府资源,实现以项目换资金,对于规避并购融资风险具有重要意义。     

风险投资声誉对上市公司IPO抑价和长期业绩的影响

本文以2006-2010年深圳中小板上市的风险投资支持企业为样本,实证研究了风险投资机构的声誉对其支持企业的IPO抑价以及上市后长期业绩的影响。研究结果显示：风险投资声誉对IPO抑价无显著影响．低声誉的风险投资存在着过早将所支持企业推向IPO市场的动机;风险投资声誉与被投资企业的长期业绩具有显著的正相关关系;风险投资支持的企业上市后的经营业绩均出现了下滑,但是高声誉风险投资支持的企业业绩下滑程度更小。     

关于并购重组中若干问题的探讨

随着我国资本市场建设的不断深入,除IPO发行股票外,选择并购重组方式上市的企业逐渐增多.针对集团整体上市、借壳上市等并购方式,我国政府部门陆续发布了一系列的相应规范.笔者从信息披露、财务核算、股份发行对价三方面,对目前并购重组实务中仍存在的一些重点问题进行了阐述并提出了完善建议供相关部门参考,以期进一步完善我国资本市场的制度建设,营造公开、公平、公正的证券化市场.     

媒体报道与IPO绩效:信息不对称还是投资者情绪?——基于创业板上市公司的研究

本文以创业板开板以来至2011年4月底的所有创业板IPO公司为研究样本,通过讨论IPO前不同时期的媒体报道情况对IPO绩效的影响,探讨了媒体在IPO过程中所扮演的角色。在控制样本自选择偏差后,发现招股公告日至上市日之间的短期媒体报道与IPO抑价和首日换手率均呈显著的正相关关系,符合投资者情绪假说;而招股公告日前一年的长期媒体报道与IPO抑价也显著正相关,但是和首日换手率之间的关系并不显著,信息不对称假说未得到支持。本文认为信息不对称假说未得到支持可能与市场以情绪投资为主、忽视价值投资的现象有关。     

机构投资者异质性与IPO抑价——基于科创板的实证研究

科创板实施注册制后,机构投资者占比增多,但IPO高抑价现象仍然突出。基于2019—2021年科创板公司数据,研究机构投资者异质性对科创板IPO抑价的影响。结论显示：在科创板初期,买方报价的非市场性和二级市场投资热情高涨,机构投资者持股未能缓解科创板IPO抑价,而机构投资者异质性对IPO抑价影响差异较大,除了受IPO定价效率有限和二级市场投资热情影响外,还受其投研能力、定价能力和机构资金用途要求等因素的影响;估值分歧强化了机构投资者持股对科创板IPO抑价的促进作用,但对不同机构投资者持股与IPO抑价之间的调节效应存在差异性,这应该与企业信息披露程度有关。建议从强化监管投资者询价行为、加强上市企业信息披露质量、规范IPO企业估值体系、合理提高机构投资者权益资金配置比重和提升投资者的投研能力等方面推进科创板IPO定价机制更趋向理性、合理。     

IPO前盈余管理与IPO抑价关系实证研究

如今我国股票市场制度日益完善,与发达国家接轨日益紧密,曾经受到广泛关注的IPO高抑价现象是否得到改善,IPO前盈余管理对IPO抑价的影响又如何。通过实证分析我国A股市场上2009年IPO的公司数据,发现我国A股市场上2009年IPO前盈余管理对IPO抑价存在正相关关系,而且我国A股市场上首次公开发行的股票仍然存在抑价现象,但明显得到改善。     

私募股权投资声誉对上市公司IPO抑价的影响研究

本文以2014~2015年新上市的195家公司为研究样本,利用2010~2012年内PE机构所合作承销商的平均声誉来衡量PE声誉,考察PE声誉如何影响IPO抑价。研究发现:PE声誉与IPO抑价之间呈显著正相关关系,高声誉PE会提高投资者的风险偏好,二者之间存在正负反馈效应。此外,文章还实证检验了承销商声誉对IPO抑价的影响,结果表明承销商声誉越高IPO抑价越大,承销商声誉的认证职能未能在我国资本市场得到验证。     

IPO价值信息传递与投资银行金融认证

本文遵循金融认证理论的研究路径,构建了IPO价值信息的传递与投资银行金融认证的理论模型,实证结果表明:(1)首发市盈率与投资银行的综合竞争力正相关,即综合竞争能力越强的投资银行,其承销的IPO发行市盈率越高.另外,综合竞争能力越强的投资银行,其承销IPO募集资金用途发生变更的企业比例、上市后违规企业的比例以及曾被ST的公司比例均相对较低.(2)新股抑价程度与投资银行的认证成本负相关,但缺乏统计显著性.(3)新股抑价与中签率负相关,与IPO风险测度正相关;新股抑价与投资银行类型的负相关缺乏显著性.(4)IPO中签率与投行认证信息因子、发行价格信息因子的关系缺乏统计显著性;中签率与投资银行的声誉信息因子显著正相关.本文最后提出了相关建议.     

企业合并对价分摊实务研究

企业合并最根本的目的在于谋求利益。在此前一年多的新股上市公司并购重组表现得极为活跃,沪深两市都有大量的并购重组案例发生,溢价并购也非常普遍,合并对价分摊问题倍受业界人士关注。本文将通过案例分析,剖析企业合并对价分摊的相关问题。     

Differences of opinion,institutional bids,and IPO underpricing

Miller (1977) hypothesizes that IPO underpricing arises because the issue price is based on the average opinion while the aftermarket price is set by a minority of optimistic investors. Using a unique data set of institutional bids for a large sample of Chinese IPOs, we show that the IPO issue price is positively related to the quantity-weighted average bid price and unrelated to the market-clearing bid price. In contrast, the first-day closing price is positively related to the market-clearing bid price and unrelated to the average bid price. Overall, our results provide strong support for Miller's explanation of IPO underpricing.     

Chinese IPO activity,pricing, and market cycles

We examine the activity, pricing, and market cycles of 1,380 Chinese A share IPOs over the period 1991–2005 and find initial underpricing of 238%. The government restrictions on IPO offer price and quota allocation cause pricing structural breaks and attribute more than half of initial underpricing. A multifactor model that includes firm’s characteristics, excess demand for IPO shares, and the government restrictions explains cross-sectional initial returns, after controlling for industrial differences and stock market conditions. In addition, monthly IPO volume and average initial return are highly correlated. A VAR model indicates that initial return leads IPO volume by 6 months.     

双重上市、IPO抑价与大规模融资行为——来自中国公司IPO的证据

本文以中国1993～2009年期间的1158家IPO(其中A+H公司36家)为样本,实证检验了A+H双重上市与公司IPO行为之间的关系。研究发现:A+H双重上市与单位权益发行价、IPO定价效率、融资规模效率均显著负相关,表明A+H双重上市非但没有给公司带来IPO溢价,反而导致更高的IPO抑价。进一步分析表明,A+H公司的更高IPO抑价与其大规模的股票发行数量显著正相关,正是A+H公司的大规模股票发行迫使发行人和承销商采取低价策略以保证成功IP0,并导致A+H公司具有偏好在热市期上市的择时行为。     

Issuer Operating Performance and IPO Price Formation

We study the relation between issuer operating performance and initial public offering (IPO) price formation from the initial price range to the offer price to the closing price on the first trading day. For a post‐bubble sample of 2001–2013 IPOs, we find that pre‐IPO net income and, in particular, operating cash flow are strongly, positively associated with the revision from the mid‐point of the initial price range to the offer price and that the “partial adjustment phenomenon” concentrates among issuers with the strongest operating performance. As for why publicly observable information helps predict changes in valuation from when the initial price range is set to when the offer price is set, our findings suggest that strong‐performing issuers, especially those offering small slices of ownership, have lower bargaining incentives and are susceptible to the underwriter(s) low‐balling the price range. Overall, our results suggest an important role for accounting information in understanding the pricing of book‐built IPOs and are consistent with the presence of agency problems between issuers and underwriters.        

Managerial Opportunism? Evidence from Directors' and Officers' Insurance Purchases

We analyze a sample of 72 IPO firms that went public between 1992 and 1996 for which we have detailed proprietary information about the amount and cost of D&O liability insurance. If managers of IPO firms are exploiting superior inside information, we hypothesize that the amount of insurance coverage chosen will be related to the post-offering performance of the issuing firm's shares. Consistent with the hypothesis, we find a significant negative relation between the three-year post-IPO stock price performance and the insurance coverage purchased in conjunction with the IPO. One plausible interpretation is that, like insider securities transactions, D&O insurance decisions reveal opportunistic behavior by managers. This provides some motivation to argue that disclosure of the details of D&O insurance decisions, as is required in some other countries, is valuable.     

IPO Trading without Market Makers or Underwriter Price Support

We investigate the trading behavior and liquidity supply of Chinese initial public offerings (IPOs) that trade in an order‐driven market system with pure limit order books where no market makers or price support is allowed. We find large trades and quoted depths dominate the first day of trading, but this pattern quickly reverses as small trades and quoted depths are more prevalent on subsequent trading days. Quoted depths are positively related to the number of shares offered in the IPO and trade size, but are negatively related to underpricing. Trade size and transaction immediacy are positively related, and large and positive (negative) order imbalance is associated with more aggressive buys (sells). Finally, long‐run performance is not related to initial order imbalance. Overall, our results suggest that despite underwriters not participating in the IPO aftermarket, liquidity provision evolves very quickly and price discovery is immediately reflected in prices.     

房价水平对企业创新研发支出的影响机制

基于中国A股上市公司2012—2018年的公司数据和35个大中城市的房价数据,检验房价水平对企业创新研发支出的整体影响,并分别以企业房地产投资和研发人员数量为中介变量,检验房价水平对企业创新研发支出影响的作用机制.研究发现:从企业间对比来看,房价水平与企业创新研发支出水平正向相关.房价升高会使企业增加房地产投资,从而对企业研发支出产生"挤出效应";同时,房价升高会伴随着劳动力的"分类"现象,即高技能、高素质劳动力会更多地向高房价城市流动,使企业研发人员雇佣数量上升,促进企业的创新行为.但从同一企业各年对比来看,房价上涨会导致其研发支出的下降.     

IPO Pricing in “Hot” Market Conditions: Who Leaves Money on the Table?

This paper explores the impact of investor sentiment on IPO pricing. Using a model in which the aftermarket price of IPO shares depends on the information about the intrinsic value of the company and investor sentiment, I show that IPOs can be overpriced and still exhibit positive initial return. A sample of recent French offerings with a fraction of the shares reserved for individual investors supports the predictions of the model. Individual investors' demand is positively related to market conditions. Moreover, large individual investors' demand leads to high IPO prices, large initial returns, and poor long‐run performance.