Immigration, fertility, and human capital: A model of economic decline of the West

I show how the influences of unskilled immigration, differential fertility between immigrants and the local indigenous population, and incentives for investment in human capital combine to predict the decline of the West. In particular, indigenous low-skilled workers lose from unskilled immigration even if the indigenous low-skilled workers do not finance redistribution, do not compete with immigrants in the labor market, and do not compete with immigrants for publicly financed income transfers. For the economy at large, high-fertility unskilled immigrants and a low-fertility indigenous population result in economic decline through reduced human capital accumulation and reduced growth of per-capita output.     

Attitudes towards immigration—Perceived consequences and economic self-interest

Using the European Social Survey 2002/3, we develop a new test of whether economic self-interest influences people's attitudes towards immigration, exploiting that people have widely different perceptions of the consequences of immigration.     

Financial intermediation and growth: causality and causes without outliers

In a seminal paper, Levine et al. (J Monet Econ 46:31–77, 2000) provide cross-sectional evidence showing that financial development has positive average impact on long-run growth, using a sample of 71 countries. We argue that the evidence is sensitive to the presence of outliers.

国内区域协调发展状况定量评价研究综述

通过对国内区域协调发展定量研究的相关论文进行梳理,本文认为相关研究遵循指标选择-模型设定-权重设定的研究范式.在此框架下,本文对学者针对区域协调发展在概念理解、研究目标、方法设计及情境选择等方面的研究进行对照和总结,指出国内学者针对该主题的研究呈现出较强的演化特征,研究维度向多维化、深入化演进,研究指标向全面化、综合化演进,研究方法向客观化、科学化演进.同时本文还认为对区域协调发展状况的定量研究尚存在一定的难点,主要表现在:缺少对模型效度的检验;定量评价过多注重方法,忽略方法为区域建设服务的理念;数据采集的困难导致模型为数据服务,从而对真实情况反映不完整.在此基础上,本文最后提出了未来的研究方向.     

Long run trends in energy-related external costs

This paper considers how energy-related external costs change through time. It focuses on one of the key periods in the history of energy. After a period of declining coal prices and soaring consumption which fuelled the Second Industrial Revolution, the nineteenth century British economy was externalising the social costs of energy production and consumption on a massive scale. Rising from 25% in the 1820s, an estimated 60%-70% of the average social costs of coal were externalised in the 1880s, imposing damages close to 20% of GDP. The eventual decline in air pollution concentration (around 1900) occurred fifty years later than was broadly socially optimal. This experience highlights the evolution of the demand for and supply of environmental quality in the context of economic growth, and the nature of related market and government failures, implying the necessity for adaptation rather than encouraging mitigation. This experience may offer lessons for climate analysis and policy-making.     

Escaping high mortality

This paper develops an economic analysis of mortality to account for the mortality decline during the demographic transition. We propose a unified growth model in which there is intra- and intergenerational health transmission: parental health affects child survival and investments in early life improve health over the entire life-cycle. Based on data from England and Wales between 1640 and 2000, we show that the role of economic changes in mortality is larger than previously estimated. As in current estimates, contemporary income has a minor impact on mortality change. Most of the economic influences, however, are unaccounted for by contemporary relationships.      

转变经济发展方式研究现状综述及未来展望

对现有西方经济增长理论体系、我国转变经济发展方式的内涵、实现途径、推动力和发展阶段以及转变经济发展方式指标体系的研究成果进行梳理发现:未来研究应有效整合各学科相关理论,注重研究的均衡性、灵活性和预见性,重视改善民生在转变经济发展方式中的重要性,细化TFP的测算方法等。     

经济发展对信贷增长促进作用的实证分析

对信贷增长与经济增长的关系进行研究,对于探索经济金融协调发展之路有着重要的政策含义.本文选取反映经济发展水平最具代表性的GDP和货币政策决策的重要信息变量之一的信贷规模,建立东、中、西部地区相关回归模型,分区域对经济发展促进信贷增长的作用进行了比较分析.结果显示:经济发展水平决定了金融发展水平,区域经济发展的差异会导致区域金融发展也存在差异.     

The ghost of financing gap: testing the growth model used in the international financial institutions

The Harrod–Domar growth model supposedly died long ago. Still today, economists in the international financial institutions (IFIs) apply the Harrod–Domar model to calculate short-run investment requirements for a target growth rate. They then calculate a “financing gap” between the required investment and available resources and often fill the “financing gap” with foreign aid. The financing gap model has two simple predictions: (1) aid will go into investment one for one, and (2) there will be a fixed linear relationship between growth and investment in the short run. The data soundly reject these two predictions of the financing gap model.     

Economic diversity, development capacity and sustainable development of China

China's economic growth over the past several decades has been among the highest in the world. It has been fueled by cheap fossil fuel energy so energy consumption has risen rapidly, but there are signs that negative feedbacks in the form of waste and inefficiency may affect future development. If energy throughput exceeds the capacity of the environment to process the inevitable waste from production then the development may not be sustainable. We calculate economic diversity using an energy flow network analysis method to explore the relationships of development policy, energy use, efficiency and sustainable development. China and its provinces are presented as a case study and the development status of each province in China is presented. China's development policy does not appear to be sustainable over the period 1985–1998 because of unsustainable energy consumption trends and declining economic diversity. An energy consumption tax is proposed for increasing diversity and dealing with increasing energy consumption in China.     

Economic development by the creation of new sectors

The basic theme underlying this paper is qualitative change taking place during economic development. These changes in the composition of the economic system should become one of the most important variables in models of economic growth and development. Our knowledge of the relationship between economic development and qualitative change, however, is still very limited. This paper attempts to shed light on some important aspects of the role played by qualitative change in economic development, by laying the foundations of a model in which changes in the composition of the economic system are endogenously generated by the evolution of the system itself and, in turn, affect its future development. The model has a strong Schumpeterian flavour in that the first entrepreneur entering a market enjoys a temporary monopoly. This temporary monopoly is eroded by the entry of imitators, that gradually increases the intensity of competition. The saturation is reinforced as the demand for what was a new product comes to be satisfied. In this way the adjustment gap initially created by the innovation is eliminated transforming a niche into a mature market, which becomes one of the routines of the economic system. As soon as a sector becomes saturated there is an increasing inducement for incumbent firms to exit and to create a new niche, where once more they will have a temporary monopoly. To put it in another, slightly different, form, we can say that economic development is a process in which new activities emerge, old ones disappear, the weight of all economic activities and their patterns of interaction change.JEL Classification: O0, O12; O30Correspondence to: Pier Paolo Saviotti     

中国的金融发展、所有制结构调整与经济增长

本文利用中国分省面板数据证明:银行虽然将大部分资金贷给了国有企业,但是通过所有制结构调整,主要包括合法的国有企业改制,和不合法的国有资产流失等形式的资金漏损,使得银行信贷资产从国有企业手中转移到民营企业手中,提高了信贷资金的使用效率和资本边际生产率,促进了经济增长.\"拨改贷\"使得银行贷款成为国有企业的主要外部资金来源,银行贷款的偿还压力推动了国有企业的改制,而政府出于保护银行信贷资产安全的需要也会催促国有企业加快改制.本文的结论为财政、外汇资金补充银行资本金和国有银行体制改革提供了理论和经验支持,为转轨国家的经济改革次序提供了启示.     

金融发展与经济增长的多重均衡关系因果模式的再思考

既有研究和特征事实表明,处于不同发展阶段的国家其经济增长与金融发展的互动关系存在多重均衡的可能,这种多重均衡关系又以"需求跟进"和"供给拉动"两种因果模式最为典型.然而,很难对不同国家或者存在性及其转化的亲件,并利用40个国家的面板数据验证了这一结论.文章发现,在不同国家和不同的经济发展阶段,的确存在着不同的均衡形态和因果关系模式;同时,对我国的实证分析表明,自上个世杨50年代以来,中国经济增长和金融发展的关系模式以1978年和1994年为分界岭呈现三个阶段性特征,二者之间的因果关系经历了由平稳到动荡、再由动荡到平稳的历史演变过程.     

构建和谐社会的文化渊源及历史意义

和谐及其和谐社会思想有着悠久的文化历史渊源。“和谐”的哲学内涵是“和而不同”：“和谐社会”有两种形态：一种是低级的小康（糠）社会;一种是高级的大同社会。构建社会主义和谐社会是巩固党的执政地位的需要,是科学发展观的延续和发展,是中国走向世界的最佳途径。     

中国金融发展与经济增长的再思考:基于变量结构变化的多元VAR分析

近年来,学者们开始认识到研究变量间关系时考虑经济中结构变化的重要性.本文采用结构断点单位根检验对我国银行发展、股市发展和经济增长的季度指标进行了研究,发现所有指标均为围绕着多个结构断点的分段趋势平稳.进而,本文采用多元Near-VAR分析了消除趋势后的指标间的因果关系,结果显示在样本期内,银行发展已经成为经济增长的一个源泉,而股市发展对经济增长的促进作用很弱.脉冲反应和预测方差分解亦证实了上述结论.股市发展的替代度量指标是分段趋势平稳以及股市发展尚未成为我国经济增长源泉的研究结论对于实施政策主导下的长期股市发展战略和短期股市稳定政策具有重要启示.