标准化与综合标准化刍议

简述了标准化与综合标准化的基本概念和标准化与综合标准化的原理特征，标准化与综合标准化的实质区别，综合标准化是现代标准化重要特征，提出应大力推行综合标准化。     

如何做好产品标准化

产品标准化工作是企业标准化工作的核心，在新的形势下，如何搞好这项工作，是每一个基层标准化工作人员值得探索的问题。标准化工作的作用现代装备的研制是一项复杂的系统工程，涉及到许多技术领域，需要许多单位、人员协作，运用标准化手段，以标准为纽带，把各方面的工作有机地组织起来。标准化工作的作用如下：提高产品的性能和质量；提高效率，缩短研制周期，节约经费； 有利于采用成功经验，减少研制风险；有利于提高系统的互联、互通、互操作能力，减少维护、保障费用。如何做好产品标准化工作1 加强标准化宣传增强科研人员的标准化…     

浅谈信息技术标准化

信息技术标准化是围绕信息技术的开发、研制、应用、管理而进行的标准化工作，是信息技术的前提和保证，是社会信息化的基础工作。本文浅议了信息技术标准化的概念、基本内容，并简述了国际、国内信息标准化的基本现状，同时原则地提示了加强我国信息标准化的基本措施。本文目的中呼吁信息产业的同仁，信息技术的开发、研制、应用和管理必须实现标准化。     

浅谈企业超前标准化

浅谈企业超前标准化南京天宇医疗器械总公司柏俊先一、超前标准化的内涵和基本概念在改革开放和科学技术日新月异发展的形势下，现代标准化向传统标准化发起了冲击，使“适应”型标准化变为超前型标准化，其功能是以科学技术的先进成就为依据，促使企业生产快速发展，标准...     

初探标准化原理

标准化原理目前仍是国内外标准化学术界分岐最大，争议最多的研究领域，从分析标准化的实质入手，探讨了标准化原理的机理，从而提出了一套新的标准化原理，根据这个原理，能够比较圆满地阐述了标准化的许多理论和实践问题。     

产品“三化”的形式和任务

产品实行“三化”可以减少重复劳动，充分利用已有成果，节省经费，缩短研制周期，降低研制风险，因而被世界上许多国家作为产品发展的一条基本途径和政策。一、产品三化的标准化形式标准化的形式系指标准化内容的存在方式或标准化过程的表现形态。标准化有多种形式，每一种形式都表现有不同的标准化内容，针对不同的任务，达到不同的目的。由于标准化内容丰富，因而标准化的形式也是多种多样，如简化、统一化、系列化＼通用化和组合化。认真研究标准化形式及其特点，在实践工作中可根据不同的标准化任务，选择和运用最适宜的标准化形式，达…     

浅谈企业标准化工作重要性

标准化是实现企业管理的重要组成部分，是企业实现科学管理的基础；企业的标准化工作应该以产品研制，设计制造，经营活动为中心，企业要富有成效的开展标准化工作，必须设置专，兼职标准化人员。     

模块化——标准化的高级形式

传统标准化，即技术标准化，通过元件级标准化，实现最佳生产秩序，追求数量和效率，为生产者服务。模块化，即功能标准化，通过部件级标准化，追求质量和效率，为生产者和消费者服务；模块化的目标是建立模块系统和对象系统：模块化的主要方法是系统的分解和组合，模块化的产品是由标准的模块组成的。模块化具有标准化的属性，它是标准化原理中简化、统一化、系列化、通用代等理论的综合运用，是标准化的高级形式，加快了知识创新。     

新型民用飞机研制与综合标准化

综合标准化是在传统标准化基础上随着型号系统工程发展而产生的现代化的标准化方法，是系统工程科学在型号标准化领域具体应用的产物。按照国家标准GB／TI23661的定义．综合标准化是“为了达到规定的目标．运用系统分析的方法．建立标准综合体，并贯彻实施的标准化活动。”而标准综合体则是“综合标准化对象及其相关要素按其内在联系或功能要求形成的相关指标协调优化、互相配合的成套标准。”标准综合体的标准之间应遵循的厚则是：     

漫谈标准化原理—“以规矩,成方圆”

标准化原理问题，是标准化工作者所关注、需要解决而未解决的标准化理论问题之一。有关专家、学者已作过不少研究，发表过不少见解和论著，但未能取得共识。比较著名的如国际标准化组织（ISO）出版的桑德斯主编的《标准化目的与原理》中提出的匕原理；日本松浦四郎著《工业标准     

Managing AIDS in Africa: HRM challenges in Tanzania

The impact of the AIDS epidemic in developing countries, and in Africa in particular, is now a matter of great concern to policy makers, managers, and academics on a global scale. The magnitude of the potentially disastrous effects of the disease has severe implications for management in organizations, and, in particular, for HRM. The AIDS epidemic is imposing, and will continue to impose, in the foreseeable future, a significant burden on the way people are managed. Little has been written on HRM in Africa, and the present literature on AIDS and HRM in Western societies is inappropriate and insufficient in relation to African organizations. Fifteen organizations in Tanzania took part in this study, which is probably the first of its kind, to produce a picture of current developments and approaches in managing people under the threat of AIDS.     

The Geography of Innovation in China and India

The BRICS countries in general, and China and India in particular, are now widely regarded as the areas of the world likely to challenge the economic leadership of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). A large part of this challenge will come from rapid technological catch‐up by China and India. Yet, despite a recent rise in interest, there is limited knowledge about how and where innovation takes place in these two leading emerging countries and to what extent the Chinese and Indian territorial systems of innovation differ from those in the EU or the US. In this article we explore the geography of innovation in China and India, concentrating on understanding key territorial‐level innovation trends by country, region and technology field, using the US and the EU as benchmarks. We find significant contrasts between the geography of innovation in China and India and that of the US and the EU. First, the degree of concentration of innovative activities in both countries is extremely high. Levels of agglomeration of innovation in the coastal provinces of China, as well as in Delhi and the South of India, significantly exceed the levels of agglomeration found in the USA and the EU. Secondly, China has witnessed a more rapid increase in the degree of concentration of innovation than India. We posit that the differences in the geography of innovation between, on the one hand, China and India and, on the other hand, between these countries and the developed world are rooted in different institutional settings, different systems of innovation and different national innovation strategies.     

An interview with Luis Raúl Pericchi

Luis Raúl Pericchi Guerra was born in Caracas, Venezuela, on 11 March 1952. He completed a B.S. in Mathematics in 1975 at the Universidad Simón Bolívar in Caracas, an M.S. in Statistics at the University of California Berkeley in 1978 and a Ph.D. in Statistics at Imperial College London in 1981. After graduating from Imperial College, Luis Raúl went back to Universidad Simón Bolívar. There, he played a key role in the developing of graduate programmes in Statistics and single handedly built an internationally recognised group focused on Bayesian statistics. In 2001, he moved to the Universidad de Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras to become the Chair of the Mathematics Department. At Universidad de Puerto Rico, he was instrumental in the establishment of a Ph.D. track in Computational Mathematics and Statistics. Luis Raúl has published over 120 papers in statistical and domain-specific journals, making significant contributions to several areas of Bayesian statistics (especially in the areas of model selection and Bayesian robustness) and their application (especially in hydrology). He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, the International Society for Bayesian Analysis, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and an Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute. This conversation took place over multiple sessions during the 2022 O'Bayes meeting in Santa Cruz, California, and the months that followed.     

Conformity or divergence in describing the business concept and profitability

The relationship between conformity or divergence in the way CEOs and chief financial officers describe the business concept, and profitability, was studied in 20 firms in one industry. Measures were obtained for firm size, profitability, degree of conformity, organizational stability, product development and the CEO's influence on strategic decisions. Controlling for the effect of size, the relationship was analysed in stepwise multiple regression analyses. Conformity was positively correlated to profitability in stable organizations, and (weakly) to divergence in unstable ones. These findings are consistent with those reported in studies of top management team consensus and performance, which suggest that environmental turbulence has a moderating effect on the relationship. It is concluded that environmental contingency factors affect the conformity-profitability relationship by way of organizational processes. Consequently, differences in organizational stability should be taken into account in studying the impact of environmental conditions on this relationship.     

Corruption, Growth, and Income Distribution: Are there Regional Differences?

This paper uses panel data from 61 countries at different stages of economic development over a 20-year period to investigate regional differences in the effect of corruption on economic growth and income distribution. Using two measures of corruption, we find that there are statistically significant regional differences in the growth and distributional impacts of corruption. The largest growth impact of corruption is found in African countries while OECD and Asian countries have the lowest growth impact. On the other hand, the largest distributional impact of corruption in found in Latin America. A 10% decrease in corruption increases the growth rate of income by about 1.7% in OECD and Asian countries, 2.6% in Latin American countries, and by 2.8% in African countries. A one standard deviation decrease in corruption decreases the gini coefficient of income distribution (0–1 scale) by 0.05 points, 0.14 points, 0.25 points, and 0.33 points in OECD, Asian, African, and Latin American countries, respectively. The results are robust to various specifications, measurement of corruption, measures of investment, as well as the conditioning variables. The results have interesting policy implications for economic growth, especially in low income countries with high rates of corruption.     

The (Re)Making of Polycentricity in China's Planning Discourse: The Case of Tianjin

Polycentricity is promoted as an ideal urban form to achieve sustainable and balanced development, and it has been widely adopted by planners in China, especially in large cities. However, the rhetoric about polycentricity has rarely been interrogated in planning research in terms of scales, contextuality, power and rationality. To fill this gap, we carried out a Foucauldian discourse analysis in our research to interpret the nature of polycentric practice in City Master Plans, using Tianjin as a case study. Through an analysis of how the discourse of polycentricity is being deployed in planning documents, we develop two principal arguments in this article. First, the conceptual substance of polycentricity evolved alongside the urban transition process in China, and its discursive practice involved multiple scales and spatial elements. Secondly, rather than being mere technocratic practice, the production and legitimation of distinct discourses of polycentricity is an articulation of multi-scalar power involving various stakeholders, which is disguised and justified by the planning profession.     

A Conversation with James O. Ramsay

Jim Ramsay was born on September 5, 1942, in Prince George, British Columbia. He pursued undergraduate studies at the University of Alberta, where he completed a BEd in 1964 with a major in English and a minor in mathematics. He then specialized in statistics and psychometry, earning a PhD in psychology from Princeton University in 1966. After holding a temporary lectureship in the Department of Psychology at University College London for one year, he joined the Department of Psychology at McGill University, where he rose through the academic ranks. He was chair of his department from 1986 to 1989 and spent sabbatical leaves in Cambridge, Grenoble, and Toulouse. He was named professor emeritus upon his retirement in 2007. Jim is the author of four influential books and over 100 peer‐reviewed articles in statistical and psychometric journals. He developed much of the statistical theory behind multidimensional scaling and is widely recognized as the founder of functional data analysis. Three of his papers were read to the Royal Statistical Society, and another won The Canadian Journal of Statistics 2000 Best Paper Award. The Statistical Society of Canada (SSC) awarded him a Gold Medal for research in 1998 and an honorary membership in 2012. Jim was president of the Psychometric Society in 1981–82 and president of the SSC in 2002–03. The following conversation took place at Jim's home in Ottawa, Ontario, on March 14 and April 4, 2012.     

A PATCHWORK SAFETY NET: A SURVEY OF CLIOMETRIC STUDIES OF INCOME MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Abstract Social welfare programs in the USA are designed to serve as safety nets for people in hard times, in contrast with the universal approach found in many other developed western nations. In a survey of cliometric studies of social welfare programs in the USA, we examine the variation in the safety net in the USA across states in the 20th century, the determinants of the variation and its impact on socioeconomic outcomes. The USA has always displayed substantial variation in the extent of the safety net because the features of most public social welfare programs have been and currently are determined by local and state governments, even after the federal government became involved in the 1930s. Differences across states persist strongly for typically a decade, although the persistence weakens with time, and there are some periods when federal intervention led to a re‐ordering. The rankings of state benefits differ from program to program, and economic and political factors have different weights in determining benefit levels in panel data estimation of their effects. Variation in benefits across programs during the early 1900s had significant impact on labour markets, economic activity, family formation, death rates and crime.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Privatization,Financialization and State Restructuring in Eastern Germany: The case of Am südpark

Using a mix of survey data, results from a study on local planning politics and fieldwork, this article discusses the interplay of planning and welfare policies with global financial markets in the ‘making’ of social segregation in Halle‐Neustadt, a borough in the German city of Halle (Saale). Here, different developments come together. First, Halle‐Neustadt has experienced two waves of privatization, leading to a complete change of ownership structures, marked by the rise of financial investors. Second, welfare cuts have put increasing pressure on welfare recipients to live in the cheapest housing available. This has led to the emergence of a ‘Hartz IV business model’ based on low, but state‐subsidized, rents. Third, new planning policies have led to a massive drop in house prices, thus facilitating the use of ‘leverage’ strategies for financial investors. We expand on an already developed debate, providing new insights about relations between planning, state restructuring and financialization in a German context. We demonstrate that a broad array of changes in national regulatory settings, policy change in different sectors and local particularities can all be crucial in enabling financialization. We conclude that research should place greater emphasis on the state in providing explanations and take differences in context more seriously.