Lead markets, innovation differentials and growth

This article suggests that the specialization of countries in international trade is determined by the lead-lag market pattern of national markets. Many internationally successful innovations have been adopted first in one country while other countries initially either preferred other designs or an established product. A model for the international diffusion of innovations is presented in which nationally preferred innovation designs compete to become a globally dominant design. In this model, there are country-specific market attributes that increase the likelihood that the choice a country makes among alternative technologies is followed around the world. It is argued that technological knowledge gaps are not the origin of an international competitive advantage. Instead, a country gains a competitive advantage because a specific innovation design was adopted earlier than in any other country. This gives local firms a head start in producing, gathering marketing intelligence and securing the property rights of a globally successful innovation. In countries with lag market characteristics, domestic innovations are less likely to get adopted worldwide. Lag markets often switch from a domestic innovation design to a foreign innovation design, which increases imports. The lead-lag market explanation of trade specialization has implications for national policies. In this model domestic innovations do not always foster exports; idiosyncratic innovations induced by lag market contexts can hamper the export chances of local firms and in the end lead to an increase in imports. It is suggested that in order to increase exports, national policies have to distinguish between a domestic lead and lag market context in each industry. While in a lead market context, traditional policy instruments that enhance the rate of innovations are effective, in a lag market situation national follower strategies are more appropriate.     

宁夏羊绒产业集群发展问题初探

实践证明，发展产业集群已成为提高区域经济竞争力的重要途径和举措之一。羊绒产业属宁夏区域特色优势产业，在其发展过程中，已初步形成了同心、灵武两个特色产业集群，但上述产业集群尚未产生应有的产业辐射力，还需从加强群内企业间的专业化分工和协作、构建完善的产业网络体系、培育龙头企业、优化产业组织结构等方面着手，进一步促进其快速健康发展，在区域经济发展过程中扮演重要角色。     

Review on Competition in Macao's Gaming Industry Based on "Blue Ocean Strategy"

Since the monopolistic structure terminated, the competition of the gaming industry in Macao has been caught in a severe situation called "red ocean" phenomenon. According to the strategy of Blue Ocean, new demand in a market can be created and therefore an organization can gain its high growth and profits. It opposes to compete head-to-head with other rivals for current customers in the existing industry (Kim and Mauborgne, 2005). This essay argues that although the golden days of traditional Macao's gaming industry ended in 2002 when government opened up the market to foreign competition, it is not wise to focus on merely the existing market place and customers or engage in a destructive competition. The supervisor should cultivate more talents with international outlook and innovational courage to create a new market space and seek potential value and low cost in the meantime.     

广东电子信息产业发展的竞争力分析

电子信息产业是新兴的高科技产业,其竞争力的高低对一个国家或地区未来的经济实力有很大的影响。本文运用因子分析和聚类分析法对我国29个省市电子信息产业竞争力进行评价和分析,得出了虽然广东电子信息产业虽然比其他地区有很强的竞争优势,但并没有占据绝对的优势,有可能后劲不足的结论。最后针对本文的分析结论对广东电子信息产业的发展提出了对策建议。     

建立南京-仪征大型石化基地的可行性及策略研究

目前,南京市和仪征市拥有众多的大型石化企业,但各个企业之间缺少密切的交流,与发达国家的石化企业相比,存在着规模小、布局分散、技术落后等问题。为此,我们认为建立南京-仪征大型石化基地有利于改变目前的困境,扩大产业规模,增强产品的市场竞争力。本文从石化基地的建设条件入手,分析了南京和仪征建设大型石化基地的优势,初步提出相关的策略。     

Competitiveness and Integration of Product Markets

This article develops a two-country, two-sector model with imperfect competition in one sector and asymmetric labor market structures in the sense that trade unions have wage bargaining power in one country whereas the labor market is competitive in the other country. We use a new approach to model product market integration, and it turns out that the unionized country gains from integration in terms of welfare, and, if the initial level of integration is relatively low, experiences an increase in employment and investment.     

石油企业成本管理浅析

石油企业是我国国民经济重要的支柱产业,想在市场竞争占据一席之地,必须加强成本管理,采取各种措施降低成本,获取更多的市场份额和盈利。石油企业成本管理对石油企业目标利润的实现,以至企业的长期发展战略的实现具有重要的意义。本文分析了我国石油企业成本管理存在的问题,提出了管理的对策建议。     

Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey

This paper surveys the literature on trade in services, focusing on the policies that are used to restrict such trade, the gains from liberalization, and the institutional mechanisms that have been adopted in the pursuit of liberalization. The paper argues that technological progress and international trade negotiations are likely to keep liberalization of trade in services a high profile policy issue. It also suggests that the research agenda should focus on developing better estimates of the welfare costs of protectionism in the service sector.     

中印投资环境比较研究及前景展望

本文分别从客观市场环境和政府营造环境两方面比较了中印现阶段的投资环境并对两国未来投资环境改进提出了具体建议。现阶段两国投资环境各有优劣,未来谁的投资环境更好取决于谁能更快更好地改革自己的不足。     

Output and Productivity Performance of Hong Kong and Singapore's Transport and Communications Sector, 1990 to 2005*

This paper uses the industry of origin approach to analyze value added and labor productivity outcomes arising from progressive liberalization of government and from statutory board control of transport and communications in Singapore. The paper compares these outcomes with those from the market‐orientated, more privatized transport and communications sector in Hong Kong, for the benchmark year 2004 and a review period from 1990 to 2005. The study is among the first to carefully compare labor productivity in specific sectors between the two countries. Although Singapore generally recorded higher levels of labor productivity, there was some catch‐up by Hong Kong in the later part of the review period. There was also substantial variation in labor productivity performance within sectoral branches in the two sectors. The study suggests there is some evidence that the different political–economic structures and policy approaches to deregulation and liberalization played a role in determining productivity performance in the transport and communications sectors in Singapore and Hong Kong. The analysis infers a potential, increasing focus on privatization as the driving force for further liberalization of the transport and communications sector in Singapore.     

中国生物医药产业产学研合作模式研究

生物医药产业是中国重要的战略性新兴产业之一。全国各地纷纷建立生物医药产业园，采用产学研合作模式不断提升创新能力。对中国现阶段生物医药产业进行初步分析，阐述中国生物医药产业发展的现状和特点，并且对主要发达国家产学研模式进行分析比较和借鉴，整理归纳出中国生物医药产业发展可采取的4种产学研模式，对中国生物医药产业的良性发展具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

The Assessment: European Networks--Competition, Interconnection, and Regulation

Recent events, such as the California energy crisis, the failuresof the UK's railways, and the consequences of the third-generation(3G) mobile licence auctions, have called into question theEuropean reliance on a strategy of network industry liberalization.Substantial concentration in energy and telecoms markets hasalso raised the issue of the consistency of competition policywith the creation of internal energy and communications markets.The paper considers the multiple market failures in these industries,and the problems raised by a series of national policy approacheswhich fail fully to reflect the economies of scale and scopeand the European-level public goods. Security of supply in energy,the roll-out of broadband, and the gains for an overarchingapproach to climate change require a more European focus. Thisin turn will require institutional reform at the European level.Failure to address this Europe-wide agenda will leave Europebehind the USA.     

我国生物医药产业发展的现状、问题及对策研究

虽然近30年来我国生物医药产业的发展取得了令人瞩目的成就,但在技术发展、人力资本水平、科研投入及产业化水平等诸多方面与发达国家相比还有明显的差距。本文希望通过对我国生物医药产业的现状和问题的描述,就我国生物医药产业今后的发展提出具体的对策建议。     

论产业文化化

本文认为忽视产业发展的文化因素和产品的文化竞争力,是我国现阶段产业发展的软肋。指出产品的经济价值越来越取决于以文化为底蕴的观念价值。我国应以文化提升产业竞争力,并加大文化产业发展步伐,提高文化对经济发展的贡献率。     

Beyond the crisis in Zimbabwe: Sorting out the land question

The depth of political and economic despair in Zimbabwe is beyond dispute. This paper situates the unfortunate picture in its historical context – drawing particular attention to the role of land in setting the country on its tragic trajectory, and showing how land remains the most fundamental problem precluding the restoration of political coherence and economic recovery. It argues that political and economic stability will be elusive until there is definitive closure to Zimbabwe's unpleasant past and at the same time clarity about property rights. It offers in addition some necessary first steps for the day when a new government is finally able to address and rectify the current chaos.     

日本天然气市场开发及其对我国的启示

天然气行业是典型的垄断行业，其价格受政府管制由来已久．20世纪90年代以来。日本逐步放松对天然气市场的管制，采取了更加灵活的市场开发政策，促进了天然气的利用。我国天然气生产和消费所占的比重较低，应当通过放松管制加快天然气市场开发的步伐。     

COUNTRY-SPECIFIC DETERMINANTS OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE OF SOUTH AFRICA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the country‐specific determinants of horizontal and vertical intra‐industry trade (IIT) in South Africa using the gravity model of trade in a panel data setting. It empirically tests new and existing country‐specific hypotheses of intra‐industry trade. To ensure the sensitivity and robustness of the results, three different econometric approaches have been used in estimating the gravity models of intra‐industry trade: the consistent coefficient approach, the fixed effects approach, and the between effects approach. The econometric results are satisfactory in terms of economic interpretation and statistical significance. They are, in most cases, pertinent in determining the country pattern of South Africa's IIT and offer a new empirical validation to the theoretical explanatory variables.     

Strategic R&D policy in a quality-differentiated industry with three exporting countries

We examine strategic research and development (R&D) policy for quality-differentiated products in a third-market trade model. We extend the previous work by adding a third exporting country, so that the market structure is international triopoly. We show that the presence of the third exporting country affects strategic R&D policies. With three exporting countries, the lowest-quality exporting country gains from taxing domestic R&D and the middle-quality exporting country gains from subsidizing domestic R&D under both Bertrand and Cournot competition. As in the duopoly case, however, the optimal unilateral policy for the highest-quality exporting country depends on the mode of competition. Various cases of policy coordination by exporting countries are also examined.     

Globalization beyond partitioning: back to Krugman’s world

In an ultra-globalized industry, all existing firms service all markets (beyond partitioning and back to Krugman’s world). Moreover, intense competition may force firms with low productivity to compensate for losses at the home market with profits made on foreign markets. This raises the question: are there still gains from further trade liberalization in such a situation? We present a simple and tractable heterogeneous firms specification to address this question. The answer we find is this: yes, even more.     

公共财政支持下的海南旅游产业发展与布局

论文对海南旅游产业发展的现状进行分析,指出市场竞争机制制度演化路径是影响海南旅游产业发展的主要路径,公共财政资金注入,能改变市场演化路径,加快产业调整步伐,达到快速调整产业结构,提升产业竞争力的目的。