南非标准化的改革与发展

近年来,南非政府越来越重视标准化工作,并通过《南非共和国标准法》和《强制性规范的国家规制机关法》两部法律来推动南非标准化工作的改革,使其标准化工作朝着既符合市场化原则,又符合世界贸易组织（WTO）规则的方向发展。本文重点对《南非标准法》、《强制性规范的国家规制机关法》两部法律进行了深入的分析和解读,并对南非国家标准及其他出版物以及南非的强制性规范与技术法规进行介绍,总结和分析了南非标准化的特点。     

太原质监积极创建国家高新技术产业标准化示范园区

随着国际经济和科技的发展，标准已成为国家和企业核心竞争力的新来源。近年来，山西省质监局大力实施标准化战略，在推进高新技术领域标准化工作的同时，加强了重点行业的工业标准化和采标工作，尤其是高耗能行业节能减排标准化工作，有效地推动了新型能源和工业基地的建设。太原市质监局高新技术产业开发区分局牢牢抓住标准这个龙头，积极推进高新技术领域标准化工作     

服务城市经济和社会发展努力提高标准化工作有效性

2004年，为配合市政府大力实施科教兴市主战略，进一步发挥标准化研究机构在技术支撑、服务企业方面的作用，市标准化研究院以服务本市经济和社会发展为导向，以帮助企业提升竞争力为目标，通过一系列具体工作，增强了标准化研究的有效性、扩大了标准化的服务面。短短一年时间，市标准化研究院在启动对国外技术性贸易壁垒的研究工作；参加信息分类编码和信息技术、现代物流标准化领域国家和地方标准的制定；推进现代都市农业和环境保护、农产品和食品质量安全等领域的标准化工作；建设“上海市标准信息服务系统”；推出网上在线销售标准业务；开展标准化培训；加强长三角地区标准化服务合作，实现区域内标准资料馆藏信息共享等工作中取得了显著成效。根据市质监局领导大力发展标准化事业、建设好标准化研究与服务基地的思路和要求，在今年以及未来的“十一五”期间，市标准化研究院一方面将力求在诸多关系本市经济发展的热点领域成立若干专业标准化研究所，并在多领域研究的基础上成立与之相关的实验室，实现软研究与硬研究的结合。另一方面，将建设具有国际水平的标准资料馆，进一步扩大馆藏品种和馆藏量：加强与国外主要标准化机构的交流与合作，积极参与有关国际标准的制定。有理由相信，通过培育核心竞争力、提高整体实力、提升服务手段，市标准化研究院将为我市国民经济和社会发展做出更大的贡献。     

新世纪呼唤生活标准化(1)21世纪是生活标准化蓬勃发展的世纪

标准化是人类活动的纪律约束，标准化可以提高人类活动的有效性，促进社会发展和人类进步。标准化不仅适用于生产技术领域，同时也适用于日常生活领域。如果说传统标准化已为发展工业生产做出了重大贡献的话，那么在新世纪生活标准化将为全面提高人类的生活质量做出更大的贡献。生活标准化是21世纪最具发展活力的标准化领域。那么，到底什么是生活标准和生活标准化呢?     

标准是民族工业起步竞争的基础

目前，我国正在进行经济结构的战略性调整，正在逐步完善社会主义市场经济体制。在这样一个新的重要时期，标准化工作愈来愈显现出它的不可替代的重要作用来。众所周知，标准化工作是我国经济结构战略性调整的重要技术基础。在现代世界科学技术迅猛发展和激烈的国际市场竞争中，标准化不仅渗透到现代科学技术发展的前沿，促进形成新的生产力，同时还突破了传统的标准化领域。从工业领域向农业、服务业领域等方面拓展，标准的制定已从产品标准和方法标准发展到了管理标准，直接为提高企业经济效益和国际贸易服务，为人类社会的可持续发展服务…     

标准化知识

标准种类按照标准化对象，通常把标准分为技术标准、管理标准和工作标准三大类。技术标准是指对标准化领域中需要协调统一的技术事项所制定的标准。技术标准包括基础技术标准、产品标准、工艺标准、检测试验方法标准，及安全、卫生、环保标准等。管理标准是指对标准化领域中需要协调统一的管理事项所制定的标准。管理标准包括管理基础标准，技术管理标准，经济管理标准，行政管理标准，生产经营管理标准等。工作标准是指对工作的责任、权利、范围、质量要求、程序、效果、检查方法、考核办法所制定的标准。工作标准一般包括部门工作标准和岗位（个人）工作标准。标准化的形式标准化的主要形式有简化、统一化、系列化、通用化、组合化。简化是在一定范围内缩减对象事物的类型数目，使之在既定时间内足以满足一般性需要的标准化形式。统一化是把同类事物两种以上的表现形态归并为一种或限定在一定范围内的标准化形式。系列化是对同一类产品中的一组产品同时进行标准化的一种形式，是使某一类产品系统的结构优化、功能最佳的标准化形式。通用化是指在互相独立的系统中，选择和确定具有功能互换性或尺寸互换性的子系统或功能单元的标准化形式。组合化是按照标准化原则，设计并制造出若干组通用性较强的单元，...     

山西省公共资源交易平台系列地方标准解读

为落实国家“标准化+”发展战略要求，促进标准化在公共资源交易领域深度融合，发挥标准化基础性战略性作用。文章立足山西省首次新发布的6项公共资源交易平台系列地方标准，解析了该系列标准编制的历史背景，辩证了标准编制的必要性和可行性，剖析了系列标准之间的关系和地位，为基本公共资源交易平台系列标准实施和推广提供路线指引和技术支撑。     

日本标准化战略(下)

二、日本标准化战略 1．确保标准的市场适应性和效率 （1）确保标准化的需求 按照27个分专业标准化战略要求，明确标准化各技术领域的实际状况，开展相应的标准化活动。     

全球市值最大的金融企业：工商银行 海外扩张

中国工商银行拟斥资约54．6亿美元收购南非标准银行20％的股权，成为2007年关于这家银行最引人瞩目的新闻。1970年在约翰内斯堡证券交易所上市的南非标准银行，是南非乃至非洲规模最大的商业银行。     

新型民用飞机研制与综合标准化

综合标准化是在传统标准化基础上随着型号系统工程发展而产生的现代化的标准化方法，是系统工程科学在型号标准化领域具体应用的产物。按照国家标准GB／TI23661的定义．综合标准化是“为了达到规定的目标．运用系统分析的方法．建立标准综合体，并贯彻实施的标准化活动。”而标准综合体则是“综合标准化对象及其相关要素按其内在联系或功能要求形成的相关指标协调优化、互相配合的成套标准。”标准综合体的标准之间应遵循的厚则是：     

THE BENEFITS AND COSTS OF MONETARY UNION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: A CRITICAL SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE

Abstract.  With the 14 members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) having set the objective of adopting a common currency for the year 2018, an expanding empirical literature has emerged evaluating the benefits and costs of a common-currency area in Southern Africa. This paper reviews that literature, focusing on two categories of studies: (1) those that assume that a country's characteristics are invariant to the adoption of a common currency and (2) those that assume that a monetary union alters an economy's structure, resulting in trade creation and credibility gains. The literature reviewed suggests that a relatively small group of countries, typically including South Africa, satisfies the criteria necessary for monetary unification. The literature also suggests that, in a monetary union comprising all SADC countries and a regional central bank that sets monetary policy to reflect the average economic conditions (e.g. fiscal balances) in the region, the potential losses (i.e. higher inflation) from giving up an existing credible national central bank, a relevant consideration for South Africa, could outweigh any potential benefits of trade creation resulting from a common currency.     

Ethnic diversity,corruption and ethical climates in sub-Saharan Africa: recognizing the significance of human resource management

Most experts agree that human resource management plays a critical role in furthering ethics. The human resource management function can play an instrumental role in creating an ethical culture. However, a literature review shows that researchers have mostly ignored ethics in the African context. Given the growing importance of Africa in terms of global trade, it is critical to study ethics on the continent. This paper documents an exploratory study of ethical climates in sub-Saharan Africa. We develop propositions linking key social institutional factors, i.e. ethnic diversity and corruption, with three types of ethical climate, i.e. self-interest, benevolence and principle. The propositions are empirically investigated using a qualitative case study approach in five companies in Nigeria and South Africa. The results provide varying support for these propositions and highlight the critical role that both the national context and the organizational context play in shaping ethical climates in companies. Furthermore, given the role of human resource management in managing both ethnic diversity and ethics, we discuss the implications of our results for this critical management function.     

The Agrarian Land Question in South Africa in Its Historical Context, 1652-1988

A bstract . The highly uneven land distribution in South Africa which favors the White ruling minority has its roots in many historical events and legislative measures. These include the "Great Trek" (the migration of Dutch farmers into the interior of South Africa), squatter laws in British colonies and Dutch republics , and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910 whose parliament immediately took up the issue of land distribution and passed the ultimate land expropriation legislation, the Natives Land Act (1913), No. 27. Since the passage of this landmark act, indigenous Africans have been virtually landless while South Africa has emerged as one of the world's most economically advanced nations.     

Day Zero and The Infrastructures of Climate Change: Water Governance,Inequality, and Infrastructural Politics in Cape Town's Water Crisis

From 2015 to 2018, Cape Town, South Africa, was marked by fears of a water crisis in which the city's taps threatened to run dry. We argue in this article that Cape Town's crisis of water scarcity was a product of the convergence of ongoing contradictions in South African water governance as they came into contact with shifting infrastructural priorities associated with climate change. In its response to the possibility of a financial crisis brought on by reduced water consumption, the city withdrew the universal provision of free basic water (FBW) and reconfigured existing tariff structures. Both changes meant that the city moved further into commercialization and valuation practices in the context of restricted monetary flows. Based on an understanding of contemporary governance in South Africa as reflective of an often contradictory need to balance municipal budgets while also correcting for apartheid inequities, we argue that ongoing experiences of climate change are stretching existing municipal budgets in ways that threaten to deepen existing inequalities. Ultimately, we suggest that Cape Town's crisis is critical for understanding how climate change is reconfiguring existing governance dynamics at a planetary scale, thus offering insights into what form urban climate change adaptation may take in the future.     

The Stock market impact of social pressure: The South African divestment case

Using the South African divestment case, this study tests the hypothesis that social pressure affects stock returns. Both short-run (3-, 11-, and 77-day periods) and long-run (13-month periods) tests of stock returns surrounding U.S. corporate announcements of decisions to staf or leave, South Africa were performed. Tests of the impact of institutional portfolio managers to divest stocks of U.S. firms staying in South Africa were also performed. Results indicate there was a negative wealth impact of social pressure: stock prices of firms announcing plans to stay in South Africa fared better relative to stock prices affirms announcing plans to leave.     

Quantifying China’s financial reach up through the pandemic: The African experience

This study seeks to quantify the financial connections between China and Africa. China’s increasing investments in Africa have inevitably strengthened the relationship between China and the majority of African countries over the past decade. We find consistent effects of the Shanghai Industrial Index on African stock markets together with some evidence that these relationships strengthened following the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. Markov-Switching analysis affirms these connections while also identifying intensifying effects as we move from periods of low market volatility to periods of high volatility. The African stock markets included in the sample encompass Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.