Payments for Ecosystem Services Programs: Predicting Landowner Enrollment and Opportunity Cost Using a Beta-Binomial Model

This paper concerns predicting enrollment in payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs to promote habitat preservation on private lands. We develop a beta-binomial model to address both program participation and the amount of land enrolled by each potential enrollee. We apply the estimation approach to stated preference data from non-industrial private forest owners in Finland. As an alternative econometric model, we also develop a multivariate censored regression model of enrollments. Using cross-validation, we find that the beta-binomial model predicts at least as well as the multivariate censored model yet has fewer parameters. Using our estimation results, we demonstrate policy predictions regarding program enrollment and landowner opportunity cost.     

浅述生态系统服务功能价值的估算方法

生态系统服务功能价值估算已成为生态学、生态经济学、环境经济学领域的研究热点和前沿,在生态系统服务功能含义、价值构成研究的基础上,系统地总结了目前关于生态系统服务功能价值进行定量评估的方法———实际市场评估技术、替代市场法、假想市场法等。     

Economic Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services Losses: Cost of Policy Inaction

This paper presents a bottom-up methodological framework for estimating some of the key ecosystem services provided by forests biomes worldwide. We consider the provision of wood and non-wood forest products, recreation and passive use services, and carbon sequestration. The valuation framework derives per hectare estimates by applying meta-analysis, value-transfer and scaling-up procedures in order to control for the existing heterogeneities across world regions and forest biomes. The first part of the study estimates stock values per hectare for each forest ecosystem service in the baseline year 2000 and in the year 2050. Results differ per geographical region and biome. Carbon stocks represent, on average, the highest value per hectare, followed by provisioning services, passive use and recreational values respectively. The second part provides an estimation of the welfare loss (or gain) associated with policy inaction in the period 2000–2050 leading to a change in the forest area. Welfare results are mixed and require a careful interpretation, ranging from a worldwide annual benefit of + 0.03% of 2050 GDP to an annual loss of −0.13%. The highest damage is expected in Brazil due to the increasing deforestation taking place in tropical natural forests, which is causing a considerable loss of carbon stocks.     

生态系统服务与生态系统管理研究

生态系统管理的研究是当前生态学研究的热点,生态系统服务(包括生态服务功能的价值评估)是生态系统管理研究的重要部分。本文从笔者的研究实践提出了区域生态系统管理研究的四项主要内容,分析了生态系统服务在生态系统管理研究中的作用,同时阐述了笔者在生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究中的探索。     

机会成本及其数量关系

本文将机会成本的概念予以扩展,并运用线性规则单线形法的原理说明了方案机会成本,产品机会成本,资源机会成本间的数量关系。     

海南岛自然生态系统服务价值评估

以卫星遥感影像为基础,运用"3S"技术,解译并统计了海南岛陆地自然生态系统的类型和面积,利用生态经济相关理论基础,评估计算出年海南岛陆地自然生态系统服务价值。结果表明,2008年海南岛自然生态系统服务价值约2198×108元,是当年全省GDP的1.5倍;森林生态系统的服务价值占四类生态系统(森林、草地、湿地和淡水)服务价值的81.77%,单位面积价值量达3260×104元/km2;自然生态系统在维持营养物质循环、水调节、大气调节等方面的间接使用价值约2076×108元,是直接使用价值的17.0倍。研究首次建立了针对海南岛陆地生态系统服务价值全面的评估体系,并在评估方法上择优、改进,对海南岛自然生态系统服务价值监测体系的构建及深入研究具有重要意义。     

生态系统服务价值评估:问题与出路

生态系统服务价值评估近年来已经成为生态经济学与环境经济学的热门话题,但其发展似乎停滞不前了.究其原因,生态系统服务价值评估存在三大问题:第一,价值的定义无法最终确定,导致价值评估方法的无所适从;第二,现有价值评估方法忽略了生态系统及其服务所具有的生态学特点,从某种程度上来说,已经背离了评估的本意;第三,价值评估方法忽略了生态系统的产权问题,导致其实用性大打折扣.针对以上问题,本文对生态系统服务价值评估发展方向进行了讨论,并据此提出了尝试性解决思路.     

The Analysis and Modification of Opportunity Cost of Investment

We think we should use basic return rate of industry to measure the opportunity cost of capital and use the rule of Maximum NPV （Net Present Value） to modify the wrong solution in the book.     

A Bottleneck Input Supplier's Opportunity Cost of Competing Downstream

Journal of Regulatory Economics - Should the supplier of a bottleneck input be prevented from vertically integrating downstream unless the (perhaps regulated) price of the input is set equal to...     

The Ecosystem Services Framework and Natural Capital Conservation

Work at the interface of ecology and economics has inspired a major transformation in the way people think about the environment. Increasingly, ecosystems are seen as capital assets, with the potential to generate a stream of vital life-support services meriting careful evaluation and investment. We first present the concepts underpinning the ecosystem services framework (ESF), laying out the scope and limitations of the approach. We then describe the major challenges in making the ESF operational: (i) detailed information at scales relevant to decision-making; (ii) practical know-how in the process of institutional design & implementation; and (iii) compelling models of success in which economic incentives are aligned with conservation. We close with a brief review of pioneering experiments now underway worldwide, which illustrate how these challenges can be overcome.     

新疆生态服务价值功能估算与分析

了解和研究生态系统服务功能价值是保证新疆生态安全与实现新疆可持续发展的基础。本文根据新疆1989年、1996年、1999年和2003年的土地利用变化情况,评价了新疆生态系统服务功能价值及其变化,并对变化原因做了分析。     

区域生态系统服务价值评估方法与GIS表达

生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态经济学领域的研究热点,为解决生态系统对人类的重要性提供了量化参考。文章论述了国内外生态系统服务价值的评估方法,分别从静态评估、动态评估和GIS技术应用三大方面进行了归纳分析,提出今后应重点关注生态系统服务价值的时空动态模型开发、评价指标体系与评价方法的标准化制订和生态系统综合管理与应用等方面的研究。     

油田开发的环境成本核算

油田开发因其点多面广的特点会对生态环境产生广泛影响.常规财务评价的成本分析中不包含生态环境成本或不全面包含.生态环境成本作为不在市场中体现的外部成本,对其评估在理论和方法上是可能的,在实践中是可行的.文章从两个途径评估了油田开发的生态环境成本.一是通过评估油田开发引起的生态环境价值损失,二是通过评估油田开发环境污染和生态破坏的治理费用.结果表明,治理费用明显小于生态环境价值损失,说明投入生态环境治理的费用是有效、合理的.     

城市再生水的边际机会成本定价方法研究

分析了边际机会成本定价法的特点,指出了该方法应用于城市再生水定价时的作用,给出了边际机会成本定价的一般公式.通过分析得出再生水边际成本定价时需用平均增量成本代替边际机会成本,并给出了平均增量成本的计算公式.最后提出了城市再生水边际机会成本定价的具体步骤.采用边际机会成本定价法可使再生水生产企业获得足够的收入去扩容并实现可持续发展,还有可能实现资源的高效分配,因此可作为判断再生水价格是否合理的一个主要依据.     

Opportunity Cost Model of Infrastructure Access Charges for Chinese Railways

For the suppliers of concerned services, theories about infrastructure pricing： SAT （Stand Alone economists such as Laffont, Tirole, etc. developed Test）, ECPR （Efficient Component Pricing Rule）. Especially, Sidak, Spulber, put forward M-ECPR （Market Efficient Component Pricing Rule） method for bottleneck infrastructures. In this article, we bring the M-ECPR principles into the study of Chinese railways pricing of its network infrastructures. Combined with our Engineer Model and Opportunity Cost Model, we analyzed the special conditions faced by Chinese railways, and developed a model for sharing infrastructure fees among freight and passenger transportations. Engineer Model split Variable Cost （VC） and Fixed Cost （FC） into freight and passenger activities, and Opportunity Cost Model take the insufficient supply of infrastructure capacity into consideration. Of course, the subsidy from the government greatly affected the price standard for bottleneck facilities, or so-called network infrastructures.     

青海湖流域生态系统服务功能与价值评估

在中国生态系统服务价值基准单价的基础上,通过生物量等因子的订正,构建了青海湖流域的生态服务功能单价表,并在此基础上对青海湖流域的生态服务价值进行了评价。结果显示:青海湖流域2007年的生态系统服务功能总价值为340.88×108元。生态服务价值从大到小为:水体>草地>湿地>灌丛>农田>荒漠,其中,废物处理功能贡献最大,原材料生产功能贡献最小。研究对青海湖流域生态环境安全和区域可持续发展具有重要的理论指导和现实意义。     

黄淮海平原土地生态服务功能浅析

随着人们生活水平的提高和可持续发展研究的深入，对生态环境的保护和研究也逐步得以重视。生态服务功能的探讨也逐渐成为生态经济学研究的一个热点。黄淮海平原水资源短缺问题日益严重，成为土地生态系统健康的主要制约因素之一。水资源短缺也是广大平原地区土地生态服务功能减弱的主要因素，成为全面建设小康社会所要求的生态环境质量的主要制约因素。因此，文章以河北省为例，分析了平原地区生态服务功能低下的原因，并提出相关建议，以期更好地提高我国粮食安全保证率，为可持续发展服务。     

海洋生态系统服务的形成及其对人类福利的贡献

海洋生态系统服务来源于复杂的生态系统组分和生态过程.文章在界定海洋生态系服务内涵和分类体系的基础上,探讨了支持海洋生态系统供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务的生态系统组分和主要生态过程,并分析了上述服务对于人类经济福利、文化福利、健康福利等的贡献.本研究可为海洋生态系统服务价值评估提供科学依据.