浅谈生产企业出口货物"免、抵、退"税的核算

目前我国对出口产品的税收政策包括出口征税政策、出口免税政策和出口退税政策。出口征税政策是对出口产品照常征税，不实行退免税政策；出口免税政策是对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税，但对出口产品在以前环节支付的进项税额不予退税，而是将其转入出口产品的成本；出口退税政策是对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税，并对出口产品已支付的进项税额予以退税。本文主要对生产企业出口货物“免、抵、退”税的计算与账务处理问题做些探讨。所谓“免、抵、退”税办法，即对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税；出口产品耗用的原材料、零部件等已支付的…     

生产企业出口货物"免、抵、退"税方法及其会计核算

为了适应我国加入WTO,深化外贸体制改革的需要,财政部、国家税务总局发布了<关于进一步推进出口货物实行免、抵、退办法的通知>(财税[2002]7号文).规定从2002年1月1日起我国对生产企业自营或委托外贸企业代理出口自产货物,除另有规定外,增值税一律实行"免、抵、退"的管理办法.因此"免、抵、退"税核算的正确与否将对企业的财务核算和税收征管工作产生重大影响.     

"免、抵、退"税简化办法

根　 据几年来的实践,笔者发 　 现,目前实行的“免、抵、退”税办法可操作性还比较差,存在着业务难度大、工作成本高、操作繁琐、管理复杂等问题,现行出口货物“免、抵、退”税办法急需进一步简化。现行“免、抵、退”税办法复杂,可操作性差 1 . 使进料加工复出口业务复杂 化 从“免、抵、退”税办法的具体计算公式可以看出,在进料加工复出口业务“免、抵、退”税具体计算时,需要计算免抵退税不得免征和抵扣税额抵减额与免抵退税额抵减额,在出现抵减额大于被抵减额时,未抵减完的税额需要结转下期继续抵减,处理起来特别复杂。2 . 对原材料、…     

生产企业出口货物“免、抵、退”税办法的便捷化探讨

生产企业出品货物的"免、抵、退"税一直是教学及相关考试中的重难点,为了便于理解与在实践中应用,需要对"免、抵、退"税办法进行理论通俗化讲解与计算便捷化处理,以利于教学中学生的学习及实践中财税工作者工作效率的提高。一、对原"免、抵、退"税方法的回顾解析按照财税[2002]7号文,实行免抵退税     

刍议生产企业自营出口货物“免、抵、退”税的核查

1、应“免、抵”数的核查重点。根据财税[2002]7号文的要求，我们可以分析出影响应“免、抵”税额的主要数据有：内销销项税额、进项税额、出口销售额、进口料件组成计税价格、征税率、退税率。上述数据中，征、退税率由计算机控制，内销销项税额、进项税额由征税机关根据国内增值税征收要求讲行     

Imperfect competition,indirect tax harmonization and public goods

This paper shows that the welfare implications of indirect tax harmonization in a two-country imperfectly competitive framework, are, in general, indeterminate in the presence of public goods: Both countries can be made either worse off or better off. This holds under both the destination and origin principles of taxation and is in sharp contrast to existing results where revenue effects are not present. A consequence of this indeterminacy is that a precise evaluation of tax-harmonizing policies under both tax regimes requires an explicit consideration of the underlying preferences for private and public goods as well as the oligopolistic sectors’ relative cost structures. JEL code F15⋅ H21⋅ H41⋅ H87     

Indirect tax harmonization and global public goods

This paper identifies conditions under which, starting from any tax-distorting equilibrium, destination- and origin-based indirect tax-harmonizing reforms are potentially Pareto improving in the presence of global public goods. The first condition (unrequited transfers between governments) requires that transfers are designed in such a way that the marginal valuations of the global public goods are equalized, whereas the second (conditional revenue changes) requires that the change in global tax revenues, as a consequence of tax harmonization, is consistent with the under/over-provision of global public goods relative to the (modified) Samuelson rule. Under these conditions, tax harmonization results in redistributing the gains from a reduction in global deadweight loss and any changes in global tax revenues according to the Pareto principle. And this is the case independently of the tax principle in place (destination or origin).     

Deregulation,tax reform,and the use of consumer credit

This article analyzes the probable effects of recent deregulation of consumer credit markets and tax reform on household credit-use decisions. The results of the analysis suggest that deregulation of rates of charge for consumer credit contracts accounts for a substantial portion of the increase in consumer credit outstanding relative to household income since 1982. The effect would not originate from the extention of credit in newly deregulated markets to households that had not been able to get credit before (widening of credit use). Rather, it would come from the provision of greater amounts of credit to borrowers in general (deepening of credit use). With regard to tax reform, the probability of debt use is significantly higher for those households most likely to itemize deductions for federal income tax purposes. Holding the level of interest rates constant, tax reform that removes the deductibility of consumer interest is not expected to affect the amount of credit used relative to income but is expected to have a significant effect on the type of debt used by such households. They will likely be early adopters of home equity lines of credit. Their shift from consumer to mortage credit is expected to have a long-term negative effect on the credit quality of consumer credit portfolios.This work was partially supported by the Credit Research Center. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.     

Inventories,credit transactions,and the marginal effective tax rate

It is observed that marginal effective tax rates (METR), as conventionally calculated, can only consider working capital requirements to a limited extent. A formula is derived to incorporate inventory requirements into the calculation and, via a numerical example, it is shown that such an incorporation can radically alter METRs from those conventionally calculated. The analysis is extended to credit transactions without affecting the above conclusion. Thus, if METRs are to be used as a means of evaluating the effects of tax policy on the incentive to invest, working capital requirements need to be explicitly allowed for.     

The investment tax credit in capital replacement: A simulation

Congressional intent in passing various versions of the investment tax credit has been to stimulate increased investment in capital goods. This paper examines the impact of ITC on the replacement component of investment from the standpoint of the individual firm. The simulations run assume that the firm incorporates correctly all tax effects, to arrive at the optimal replacement decision. The results imply that from the micro standpoint, the law does not necessarily generate the intended behavior. As implications for policy, further research in this area should focus on individual firm action rather than on macro models.     

Macroeconomic dynamics in a model of goods,labor, and credit market frictions

Goods market frictions drastically change the dynamics of the labor market, both in terms of persistence and volatility. In a model with three imperfect markets – goods, labor, and credit – we find that credit and goods market imperfections are substitutable in raising volatility. Goods market frictions are unique in generating persistence. Two key mechanisms in the goods market generate large hump-shaped responses to productivity shocks: countercyclical goods market tightness and prices alter future profit flows and raise persistence; procyclical search effort of consumers and firms raises amplification. Goods market frictions are thus key in understanding labor market dynamics.     

Limits of tax regulation: Evidence from strategic R&D classification and the R&D tax credit

We investigate a tax avoidance strategy where firms use the ambiguity inherent in tax reporting to classify indirect costs as research and development (R&D) expenditures to take advantage of the R&D tax credit. We label this tax practice “strategic R&D classification”. We find a one standard deviation increase in strategic R&D classification leads, on average, to a 1.7% (1.5%) reduction in GAAP (cash) effective tax rates, suggesting this practice provides significant tax savings. However, we also find strategic R&D classification is related to both the level and changes in uncertain tax benefit liabilities required to be recognized under FIN 48, suggesting this practice comes with financial reporting costs. Our study contributes to the literature by documenting some of the costs and benefits associated with a previously unexplored tax strategy, and highlights the limitations faced by tax authorities in monitoring firms’ R&D tax credit.     

外商投资企业采购国产设备抵免所得税政策实施中存在的问题及修改建议

根据1999年底国务院提出的关于进一步鼓励外商投资的若干意见,国家税务总局陆续颁布了<关于外商投资企业和外国企业购买国产设备投资抵免企业所得税有关问题的通知>(财税字[2000]49号,以下简称"49号文")、<外商投资企业和外国企业购买国产设备投资抵免企业所得税管理办法>(国税发[2000]90号,以下简称"90号文")及<关于外商投资企业和外国企业购买国产设备抵免企业所得税有关执行问题的批复>(国税函[2000]910号,以下简称"910号文"),对外商投资企业和外国企业采购国产设备抵免所得税的优惠政策做了规定.