旅游线路产品能源消耗及二氧化碳排放量估算方法及实证分析

旅游业节能减排目标的实现需落实到旅游企业、旅游者的推广与实践方能实现。旅游线路一直是旅游市场的主力产品,然而对其能源消耗及CO2排放的评估却是空白。基于碳排放理论及游客消费特征,提出其能源消耗和CO2排放估算模型。以三种海南旅游产品为例,计算并分析各线路的能源消耗及CO2排放量。结果表明:各产品能源消耗及CO2排放量从大到小依次是行、食、住、游、购、娱;交通方式、从客源地到目的地距离、产品结构及能源类型是影响其能源消耗及排放量结构的主要因素;旅游活动产生的温室气体不容忽视;旅游业面临节能减排的压力。     

长三角地区碳排放影响因素分析——基于IPAT改进模型

随着经济发展、人口与能源消耗的增长,以及不合理的能源结构,导致了长三角地区碳排放的不断增加。文章以人口增长率、GDP增长率、能源消耗量、能源技术进步率、能源结构优化系数变动率为影响因素在对IPAT模型进行改进的基础上,对2006-2011年间长三角地区碳排放的影响因素进行定量分析。主要结论是长三角地区能源技术进步率与能源结构优化的减排作用还不能抵消人口与GDP的快速增长的影响,受能源结构优化系数变动比率逐步增加的影响,碳排放量受人口增长率与GDP增长率的影响呈逐年减小趋势,能源技术进步率与能源结构优化的减排作用日趋显著。     

京津冀能源消费、碳排放与经济增长

运用《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》中的碳排放核算方法[1],测算2000—2011年京津冀二氧化碳排放量、排放强度、人均排放量和单位面积排放量,从变动趋势、消费结构、相关性和空间分布四个角度分析京津冀的能源消费、碳排放与经济增长。结果表明:京津冀能源消费量和碳排放量在12年间均呈增长趋势;碳排放强度均呈下降趋势;津冀的高排放主要是由以煤炭消费为主的能源结构和以高耗能工业为主的产业结构引起的。碳排放量与能源消费量和经济增长密切相关。在京津冀协同发展背景下,应大力调整产业结构,优化能源结构,建立碳汇合作机制。     

A multi-factor efficiency perspective to the relationships among world GDP, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions

Most of the research articles on climate change study the relationships between economic growth, and, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission or energy consumption separately for analyzing the impacts of economic growth and energy consumption on global carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper, the linkages among CO₂ emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and energy consumption are studied simultaneously using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The time period considered for the study is 1980-2001. The results show that world in the year 1980 was the most efficient in achieving the highest economic growth, emitting least carbon dioxide for a given level of energy consumption for that year. The efficiency index reduced in the next 8 years, fluctuated with a declining trend for the next 7 years, and began to rise from 1996 till 2001. The model is further extended in this paper for technology forecasting to identify the links between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for achieving projected levels of GDP under two different assumptions on efficiency index. It has been identified using the forecasting model that, when the carbon dioxide emissions are restricted to the levels emitted in the year 1990 and when the efficiency index for the year 2025 is assumed to be at the level registered for the year 1980 (highest value), the non-fossil energy consumption needed to meet the GDP level projected for 2025 will be much smaller (35.46 quadrillion Btu for the reference GDP) than the values actually recorded in the year 1990 (44.59). However, the non-fossil energy consumption in 2025 (118.8) increases much more than the actual recorded in the year 1990 when the efficiency index in 2025 is assumed to be at the level registered for the year 1990.     

什么因素多大程度上影响到 工业碳排放绩效

本文通过利用序列DEA（Sequential DEA）与方向性距离函数构造了碳排放绩效动态指数TCPt,规避了以往碳排放绩效测度的缺陷,较为精确地测算了2003-2010年中国30个省市地区的工业碳排放绩效,并从规模、工业结构、能源结构、要素禀赋、技术、环境规制及外资等七个维度出发,对中国工业碳排放绩效变化的影响因素及其相对重要程度进行了评估与分析。研究结果表明,在整体层面上,工业企业规模、技术水平及外资因素对工业碳排放绩效起到显著正向影响,而重工业比重、国有产权制度结构、资本深化及煤炭消费比重对工业碳排放绩效起到显著负面影响,环境规制对工业碳排放绩效的影响微乎其微,以上各因素的作用方向与相对重要程度因区域不同而存在一定的差异。最后,本文基于以上各因素对工业碳排放绩效的不同作用方向与相对重要程度,给出了差异化的政策内涵解读。     

Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Challenges faced by an EU candidate member

This paper investigates the long run Granger causality relationship between economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in Turkey, controlling for gross fixed capital formation and labor. The most interesting result is that carbon emissions seem to Granger cause energy consumption, but the reverse is not true. The lack of a long run causal link between income and emissions may be implying that to reduce carbon emissions, Turkey does not have to forgo economic growth.     

中国区域碳排放空间计量研究

如何从空间视角实现经济发展与碳减排双赢,是建设“美国中国”的重要推手,也是生态文明建设的必然要求。基于STIRPAT模型,从区域层面构建碳排放驱动因素扩展STIRPAT模型,并运用空间杜宾模型实证考察各驱动因素对碳排放规模和碳排放强度的影响。结果显示：地区间碳排放存在显著的示范和带头作用,驱动因素通过直接和间接途径影响碳排放,除能源价格外,其他影响因素均表现出显著性。因此,实现碳减排需要充分考虑空间相关性、异质性和外溢性,稳步推进城镇化进程,加大技术创新步伐,优化产业结构升级和能源消费结构,适度提高能源价格,在扩大对外开放的同时加大对外商投资的甄别。     

家庭异质性视角下城乡居民家庭碳排放研究——以陕西为例

为把握城乡居民各种口径碳排放的变动趋势,借鉴IPCC推荐方法及投入产出分析方法,分别测算2005—2017年陕西省居民家庭各种口径的碳排放量,发现陕西城镇家庭各口径碳排放量均高于农村家庭;为分析引起城乡居民家庭直接和间接碳排放总量变动的深层原因,借鉴对数平均迪氏指数分解(LMDI)模型,发现家庭人均收入、家庭户数效应、家庭规模效应、能源消费结构、能源消费强度、家庭消费率、家庭消费结构等表征家庭异质性的变量对城乡家庭直接及间接碳排放总量有不同程度的正向驱动或负向驱动效应,并根据研究结论对地方政府控制家庭碳排放量提出政策建议。     

城镇化中能源消费与二氧化碳排放研究——基于省级面板数据的实证检验

文章扩展了STIRPAT模型,使用1995-2011年中国30个省级面板数据,研究中国城镇化进程在全国以及区域层面上对能源消耗的需求变化与二氧化碳排放的影响效应。研究结果表明:在全国层面上,城镇化增加了对能源消费的刚性需求且对二氧化碳排放具有显著的正向影响。同时,城镇化对二氧化碳排放量影响有明显的区域差异:在东部地区,城镇化水平的提高增加了二氧化碳排放量,但在中西部地区,城镇化水平的提高减少了二氧化碳排放。基于以上结论,文章探讨了未来中国城镇发展的相关对策:适当控制土地城镇化发展速度,积极探索低碳城镇化发展模式,培养市民良好的低碳生活方式,优化与调整地区产业结构与能源消费结构。     

新疆经济发展中碳排放总量的影响因素分析

新疆目前正处于工业化初期阶段,耗能型产业结构特征明显,经济增长中高投入、高消耗、高污染、低水平、低效益问题突出,能源利用率不高,浪费严重,使得经济发展中碳排放量居高难下。虽然新疆生态环境脆弱,但却具有发展新能源的得天独厚的条件,分析新疆经济发展中的碳排放问题对于新疆经济的可持续发展具有十分重要的战略意义。     

On the potential economic costs of cutting carbon dioxide emissions in Portugal

The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion activities on economic activity in Portugal. We find that energy consumption has a significant impact on macroeconomic activity. In fact, a 1 ton of oil equivalent permanent reduction in aggregate energy consumption reduces output in the long term by €6,340. More importantly, and since carbon dioxide emissions are linearly related to the amounts of fuel consumed, our results allow us to estimate the costs of reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. We estimate that a uniform standard for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion activities would lead to a marginal abatement cost of €95.74 per ton of carbon dioxide. This is a first rough estimate of the potential economic costs of policies designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. At this level one may conclude that uniform, across the board reductions in carbon emissions would have a clear negative effect on economic activity. Hence, at the aggregate level there is clear evidence for a trade-off between economic performance and a reduction in carbon emissions. This opens the door to the investigation of the scope for policy to minimize the costs of environmental policy and regulation.     

Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China

This paper investigates the existence and direction of Granger causality between economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in China, applying a multivariate model of economic growth, energy use, carbon emissions, capital and urban population. Empirical results for China over the period 1960-2007 suggest a unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to energy consumption, and a unidirectional Granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run. Evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth. Therefore, the government of China can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth.     

自主研发、产业结构变迁与中国碳排放绩效

运用环境方向性距离函数与序列DEA,测度了1995—2013年中国内地28个省区碳排放绩效,然后,基于省际面板数据,检验了自主研发、产业结构变迁及其互动效应对碳排放绩效的作用,并进一步对碳排放绩效省际差距形成与变迁的影响因素进行了分析,研究表明:1样本期间全国碳排放绩效呈稳步上升态势,无论从静态水平,还是动态特征来看,地区间碳排放绩效差距都比较明显;2自主研发、产业结构变迁对碳排放绩效具有积极作用,前者对碳排放绩效的影响程度远低于后者,两者在提升碳排放绩效方面存在协同效应;3提高人均收入、优化能源结构、改革产权制度能够改善碳排放绩效;4人均收入对碳强度省际差距的贡献度最高,其它因素由高到低依次是能源结构、产权结构、对外开放、自主研发,以及产业结构与自主研发的交叉项。     

广东省化石燃料碳排放的地域差异

碳排放的研究是认识和发展低碳经济的基础。采用2000—2009年广东省化石燃料消费和人口、经济产出等数据,对广东省10年来化石燃料消费所产生的碳排放进行了估算,分析碳排放量在时间和空间变化上的地域差异,并采用因素分解法对碳排放的影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明：①2000—2009年间广东省碳排放总量变化大、增长速度快,时序内表现出快速、平稳和稳定增长三个阶段性特征;工业部门是广东碳排放的主要力量,且行业差异性特征明显。②通过对广东省各地级市碳排放量的聚类分析得知,广州、深圳、东莞、佛山4城市和多年GDP变化类似,聚类于碳排放量最高的等级,和其他城市差距较大;广东省碳排放的变化在空间上呈现出＂中心—外围＂结构,表现出由集聚向扩散的演变规律。③能源结构、能源消耗强度、经济发展状况以及人口因素等是影响广东碳排放地域差异的主要因素。     

中国工业部门碳排放与GDP脱钩因素影响力分析

基于Tapio脱钩模型,对2000．2008年间中国工业部门碳排放与能耗脱钩、能耗与GDP脱钩对碳排放与GDP脱钩影响力进行了实证研究。结果表明：中国工业部门在实现碳排放与GDP脱钩上取得比较显著的成绩;能耗脱钩影响力均值为正,能耗受经济驱动较小对碳排放与GDP脱钩做出了相当的贡献;排放脱钩影响力均值为负,碳排放受能耗驱动力较为明显,对工业部门碳排放与GDP脱钩产生了负向影响。为使中国工业部门在碳排放与GDP脱钩上取得更显著的效果,应加大能耗与GDP脱钩力度,同时政府应大力支持碳捕集利用与封存等低碳和零碳技术研发与应用,逐步改善碳排放与能耗整体挂钩的态势。     

农户参与生态旅游的能源碳排放测算及影响因素研究——基于大熊猫国家公园试点调查数据

在自然保护地周边生态旅游发展过程中,乡村农户的生产经营活动对环境和资源产生的压力是当前研究的热点问题,而能源消费则是其中的重要方面。研究以大熊猫国家公园试点区为例,测算了农户在参与生态旅游前后各项能源的消耗及其碳排放的变化情况,并利用改进的STIRPAT模型探讨其影响因素,结果发现:农户在参与生态旅游之后能源消费结构呈多元化趋势,薪柴和电能源消耗成为碳排放的主要来源;农户接待游客量、收入水平以及实物和资金等能源补贴政策显著影响了能源碳排放量。基于此,提出规范农户经营行为、提高资金补贴、推广节能技术和设备、加强宣传力度等对策建议。     

Energy consumption,carbon emissions,and economic growth in India: Evidence from directed acyclic graphs

This study investigates the temporal linkages among economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions for India during the period 1970–2008 using recently developed methods of out-of-sample Granger causality tests and directed acyclic graphs (DAG). Building on the data-driven DAG representation, we uncover the contemporaneous causal patterns between economic activities and environmental pollutants, which is first documented in the literature and could further improve the investigation of the dynamic linkage pattern. The results show that energy consumption uni-directionally Granger causes carbon emissions and economic growth, while there is a bidirectional causality between carbon emissions and economic growth. We also find that trade openness is one of the important determinants of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Some important policy implications are also discussed.     

Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore

This study investigates the relationship between tourism development and carbon emissions in Singapore through testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, which is a major tourist destination state and whose economy is linked with diverse energy resources, high-level urbanization, and rapid industrialization. Results reveal that tourism development and carbon emissions are in long-term equilibrium relationship; carbon dioxide emission converges to its long-term equilibrium level by 76.0% speed of adjustment through the channels of tourism, energy consumption, and output growth. Tourist arrivals have a negatively significant effects on carbon dioxide emission levels both in the long-term and the short-term periods. Finally, results of the Granger causality tests reveal that there is unidirectional causality that runs from tourism development to carbon emission growth in the long-term of the economy of Singapore. Therefore, the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis is confirmed in the case of Singapore.     

A multivariate time series analysis of energy consumption,real output and pollutant emissions in a developing economy: New evidence from Nepal

Mountain economies will have to play a central role in attaining the global pursuit of green economic growth as crucial bearers of ecosystems goods and services. However, these economies are not adequately represented in the development policy debates in spite of their fundamental importance towards global sustainable development. This study examines the inter relationships between energy consumption, output and carbon emissions in a developing mountainous economy using an augmented Vector Autoregression model. Time-series data over the period 1975–2013 is studied applying a multivariate framework using population and gross fixed capital formation as additional variables for Nepal. Testing for Granger causality between integrated variables based on asymptotic theory reveals a long-run unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to energy consumption, and a unidirectional Granger causality running from carbon emissions to GDP. We suggest that the government of Nepal can address energy poverty by accelerating the adoption energy conservation policies such as rationing energy consumption and energy efficiency improvements to narrow the energy supply-demand gap. The opportunity to promote the uptake of decentralised off-grid renewable technologies in remote areas and the large scale development of hydropower at the national level also needs to be prioritized. Our results remain robust across different estimators and contributes to an emerging literature on the nexus relationships between energy consumption, income and carbon emissions in mountainous developing economies.     

工业适度重型化背景下的低碳路径选择：基于广东工业的实证分析

对工业适度重型化背景下的高碳发展惯性特征进行分析和预测,并以广东为重点,利用对数平均权重分解法（ LMDI）研究工业能源消费历史碳排放的驱动因素。结果表明,广东工业重型化和高碳化在未来一段时期仍将处于惯性高位区间,工业碳排放峰值预计出现在2025年左右;由技术进步诱发的能源效率提升是过去十多年来碳排放增长减缓的主要影响因素,而产业结构和能源结构调整尚未发挥足够的降碳效应。结合广东工业适度重型化发展特征,研究认为,能源效率提升仍是现阶段广东工业碳减排的主要途径。随着技术进步效应的边际递减,中远期碳减排的主要动力源于产业结构和能源结构的优化。