中加油气合作的制约因素及发展思路研究

中国和加拿大油气合作互补性强,自1993年以来两国在油气合作方面有一些进展,但突出成果并不多见。其原因是两国油气合作存在着诸多制约因素。要以国家关系促进合作,构架中美加油气合作对话机制,建立完善的能源合作咨询服务体系,加强合作项目的风险评估及投资经济效益评估来破解这些制约因素。     

Livestock development planning in Uganda: Identification of areas of opportunity and challenge

Livestock are an important element of the livelihoods of many Ugandan households, and considerable efforts at economic development by the government of Uganda have focused on the livestock sector. However, these development efforts have suffered due to a lack of detailed data on the distribution of livestock in Uganda to guide the targeting of such programs. In this paper, we use data from the 2008 National Livestock Census to develop a better understanding of where in Uganda there might be potential for significant investment to intensify the production of livestock and, conversely, where there are important challenges that need to be addressed, such as conflicts between human populations and livestock. This analysis is done by developing a quantitative model to predict mean livestock stocking rates at sub-county level (n = 929) that uses population density, agroecological factors, and market access as explanatory variables. A mapping of model residuals approach is then used to identify areas in Uganda that are relatively understocked and those that are potentially overstocked. This information is used to suggest approaches to livestock development in both types of areas.     

畜禽骨的综合利用研究现状与发展趋势

我国畜禽骨骼资源丰富,畜禽骨中含有优质的蛋白质、比例合理的脂肪酸、丰富的矿物质及多种生物活性物质,故深度开发和利用畜禽骨资源对提高经济效益和社会效益有着重要的现实意义.本文介绍了畜禽骨的资源概况、骨的组成和营养价值、国内外的应用现状,并展望了我国畜禽骨高值化开发应用的前景,以期为畜禽骨资源的深度开发提供参考.     

乡村聚落空间优化研究进展与展望

研究目的：探讨乡村聚落空间形成与演变机理、内涵及分类,系统梳理乡村聚落空间优化研究的进展,展望未来研究的重点方向。研究方法：文献调研法。研究结果：乡村聚落空间优化研究取得了阶段性成果,但乡村聚落空间形成与演变机理的研究较为薄弱,乡村聚落空间优化的内涵尚未统一,乡村聚落空间优化框架及研究范式探讨尚显不足,行为主体对乡村聚落空间优化的机制研究亟待开拓,乡村聚落空间优化的政策应用相对薄弱。研究结论：未来应开展乡村聚落空间概念、分类与基础理论研究,构建乡村聚落空间优化框架及其研究范式,加强行为主体对乡村聚落空间优化的机制研究,拓展乡村聚落空间优化研究成果的政策应用。     

Peanut Research and Poverty Reduction: Impacts of Variety Improvement to Control Peanut Viruses in Uganda

A procedure is developed and applied for predicting ex ante impacts of agricultural research on aggregate poverty, using as an example the poverty-reducing impact of peanut research in Uganda. Market-level information on economic surplus changes is combined with a procedure for allocating income changes to individual households. Characteristics of farmers that affect their likelihood of technology adoption are used to create a technology adoption profile. Associated changes in poverty resulting from adoption are computed using poverty indices. Predicted income changes at the household level are aggregated to the market level and reconciled with calculations of economic surplus changes.     

中国发展沙产业的技术经济约束分析

作为兼顾生态建设和经济发展的重要手段，沙产业在我国北方发展迅速。但由于对产业的特殊性认识不够，产业发展缺少规划、缺少资金和缺少扶持，许多地区的沙产业蜕变成新一轮的开荒，给大范围的生态带来了隐患。建议各级地方政府按照《防沙治沙法》，将生态恢复作为产业发展的首位目标，做好规划和总量控制，因地制宜进行政策扶持，使产业发展与国家生态建设工程形成互促机制。     

我国农村土地整治的发展态势与重点研究领域

土地整治是为提高土地生产承载能力而实施的一项涉及到资源环境、社会经济、政策制度等多方面持续、动态的系统工程.从国家的战略部署、目标的现实转变、统筹城乡与促进农业现代化、社会经济发展阶段等方面对土地整治提出了战略需求,指出了当前土地整治应从完善整治规划编制体系、建立监测-评价-调控系统、推进整治制度创新、加强生态景观建设整治等4个领域来重点研究.结果表明:在土地管理从数量向数量、质量、生态管护转变中,土地整治越来越趋于综合化发展.     

The Challenges of Organic Production and Marketing in Europe and Spain: Innovative Marketing for the Future With Quality and Safe Food Products

In this work the actual situation of organic production and marketing in Spain is explained, studying and analyzing their evolution in the last decade of previous the century and in the first years of the new millennium. In Spain, organic production began in the 1970s with pioneers in Catalonia, Murcia Region, and other zones. It was in the 1990s when was observed a great increase in organic surfaces. A very interesting and critical date is that at the moment, more than 80% of organic products are being exported to other European countries, United States, and other foreign markets, and it is necessary to find new marketing strategies and innovations to structure the organic market, give new information to consumers, improve investments in the relation between retailers and consumers, and improve the perception of the utilities of these products. In some countries, as is the case of Spain, the consumers don't have enough information about the characteristics of organic products, organic food, and organic production methodologies. They must have all the information about the benefits of organic production methodologies and their implications in environmental conservation, biodiversity protection, food quality and safety, and this task must be provided by the new marketing strategies and actions.     

Backward Capitalism in Rural South Africa: Prospects for Accelerating Accumulation in the Eastern Cape

The forces of production in rural South Africa and the performance of the agricultural sector form the central theme of this paper. It shows that the long‐term lack of dynamism of capitalist development in South Africa as a whole is reflected in and is responsible for failures of rural development. These failures have resulted in acute suffering, not least in Eastern Cape province, where barriers to dynamic capitalist growth remain very high. The paper concludes with proposals for promoting more rapid wage employment growth and capitalist development and for protecting vulnerable rural residents from the worst consequences of such development. The proposals are contrasted with the conventional wisdom in South Africa, especially the rural development strategies proposed by the current government.     

Employment Dynamics and Linkages in the Rural Economy: Insights from Senegal

Evidence on rural wage employment is thin and lacks nuance for different employment sources, insights on dynamic effects, and an understanding of the channels of effects. We assess conceptually and empirically the direct and indirect welfare effects of entry and continuation in different types of wage employment in rural Senegal. Using panel data, fixed effects and first-difference estimation, we show substantial positive welfare and linkage effects. We find that participation in wage employment increases per capita income by 143%, and reduces poverty, poverty gap and food insecurity by, respectively, 63%, 89% and 48%. While the direct effect on income is larger for non-agricultural and contractual wage employment, the indirect income effects through self-employment are more pronounced for agricultural and casual wage employment. Our results imply that job creation is important for rural development, that wage employment in agriculture can lead to considerable growth multiplier effects, and that synergies exist between large-scale and small-scale agriculture.     

重庆市土地勘测软件系统研究与开发

研究目的:提高勘测定界工作的作业效率和成果质量。研究方法:经验分析法。研究结果:明确了重庆市土地勘测软件系统研究与开发的背景、目标、内容及系统的总体设计思路,实现了勘测定界自动化作业。研究结论:系统的实现对减轻勘测定界工作强度非常有益。     

转基因三文鱼的研究概况及发展前景

转基因三文鱼的上市将会对三文鱼市场供不应求的局面产生重要影响.本文就转基因三文鱼的获批历程、安全性和获得市场的关键等方面作简要介绍与分析,对转基因三文鱼的发展前景做出展望.     

Market Transparency and Market Structure: The Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act of 1999

The premise of the Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act of 1999 is that enhanced transparency promotes competition. This article provides a theoretical study of the consequences of such transparency for the structure, conduct, and performance of the livestock industry. I conclude that the usefulness of the Act to the livestock industry may not be in the value of reported information to feeders, as the supporters of the Act claim. Rather, by forcing packers to pool information at negligible marginal cost, the Act may foster more competitive conduct in the procurement of livestock.     

Consumption of dairy products in urban China: results from Beijing, Shangai and Guangzhou

Using urban survey data collected by the authors in 2001–02, this paper analyses demographics, cultural factors and purchasing behaviours influencing the consumption of fresh milk, yogurt, ice cream and powered milk in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, China. Results from estimation of a double-hurdle model of consumption show that income and marketing channels are the key determinants of milk consumption levels; however, education, advertising and convenience play a more important role in consumption of other dairy products. There is some evidence that milk powder, as a consumer good, may be becoming an inferior product in urban China. Finally, the survey data suggest that the growing sophistication of China's retail sector is influencing consumption of dairy products.     

我国磷矿资源开发利用研究综述

磷矿资源作为一种不可再生资源,其适度开采和合理利用对社会可持续发展具有重要意义。文章文从磷矿资源开发相关理论、开发利用现状、供需形势、评价指标体系以及开发利用对策研究等五个方面,对磷矿资源开发利用研究方面取得的主要成果和最新进展进行梳理,以期了解该领域目前研究存在的不足以及未来可能拓展的研究方向,为未来磷矿资源绿色发展提供参考。     

Marketing and Pricing Dynamics in the Presence of Structural Breaks: The Hungarian Pork Market

The study of marketing margins and price transmission on various commodity markets has been a popular research topic of the past decades (see Meyer & Von Cramon-Taubadel, 2004 Meyer , J. , & Von Cramon-Taubadel , S. ( 2004 ). Asymmetric price transmission: A survey . Journal of Agricultural Economics , 55 ( 3 ), 581 – 611 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], for a recent survey). However, with a few exception these studies focused on developed economies. This article examines this phenomena on the Hungarian pork market. The Johansen (maximum likelihood, 1988 Johansen , S. ( 1988 ). Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors . Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control , 12 , 231 – 254 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) or Engle and Granger (2-step, 1987 Engle , R. F. , & Granger , C. W. J. ( 1987 ). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing . Econometrica , 55 , 251 – 276 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) cointegration tests do not reject the no-cointegration null hypothesis between the Hungarian pork producer and retail price series. Therefore, we applied the Gregory and Hansen (1996 Gregory , A. W. , & Hansen , B. E. ( 1996 ). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts . Journal of Econometrics , 70 , 99 – 126 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) procedure with recursively estimated break points and Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) statistics and found that the prices are cointegrated with a structural break occurring in April 1996 Gregory , A. W. , & Hansen , B. E. ( 1996 ). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts . Journal of Econometrics , 70 , 99 – 126 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. Exogeneity tests reveal the causality running from producer to retail prices both in the long and short run. Homogeneity tests are rejected, suggesting a markup pricing strategy. Price transmission modeling suggests that price transmission on the Hungarian pork meat market is symmetric in the long run but asymmetric in the short run; that is, processors, wholesalers, or retailers might take temporary advantage should price changes occur.     

自然资源产权制度研究进展与展望

研究目的：梳理自然资源产权制度研究的国内外现状,展望未来研究方向。研究方法：文献计量分析法,比较研究法。研究结果：（1）从发文趋势看,国外研究相对成熟且为国内研究奠定了基础;（2）从研究热点看,国内研究前沿为自然资源资产产权制度改革,国外为自然资源产权制度的应用研究,且国内侧重理论研究,国外多为实务研究;（3）从高频关键词聚类看,国内外分别基于“自然资源产权理论与自然资源产权制度改革”以及“产权结构及其理论与公共产权资源管理”等视角呈现聚焦主题。研究结论：有关自然资源产权制度的研究,国内外尚未形成统一的框架,且研究内容、研究前沿与研究主题等差异较大,未来可加强产权制度的国际合作研究、多学科交叉研究,拓展国内研究的广度和深度,以及推进自然资源产权制度的创新性研究等。     

Opportunities and pitfalls for researchers to contribute to the design of evidence-based agricultural policies: lessons from Uganda

Agricultural policies in sub-Saharan Africa have paid insufficient attention to sustainable intensification. In Uganda, agricultural productivity has stagnated with aggregate increases in crop production being attributed to expansion of cultivated land area. To enhance sustainable crop intensification, the Ugandan Government collaborated with stakeholders to develop agricultural policies using an evidence-based approach. Previously, evidence-based decision-making tended to focus on the evidence base rather than evidence and its interactions within the broader policy context. We identify opportunities and pitfalls to strengthen science engagement in agricultural policy design by analysing the types of evidence required, and how it was shared and used during policy development. Qualitative tools captured stakeholders' perspectives of agricultural policies and their status in the policy cycle. Subsequent multi-level studies identified crop growth constraints and quantified yield gaps which were used to compute the economic analyses of policy options that subsequently contributed to sub-national program planning. The study identified a need to generate relevant evidence within a short time 'window' to influence policy design, power influence by different stakeholders and quality of stakeholder interaction. Opportunities for evidence integration surfaced at random phases of policy development due to researchers’ ’embededness’ within co-management and coordination structures.     

Adoption of soil and water conservation technologies in the Rwizi catchment of south western Uganda

Soil and water conservation technologies, such as mulching, grass strips and retention ditches, have been promoted in many areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. However, technology adoption rates have remained unsatisfactory. In this study, a logit model was used to examine the adoption of soil and water conservation technologies in the Rwizi catchment of Uganda using cross-sectional survey data from 271 smallholder farmers. Findings revealed that the likelihood to adopt these conservation technologies by smallholder farmers is explained by land size, tropical livestock units, access to extension services, value of gross output, gender of the household head and location of the farmers. Our results further showed that the quadratic term in land size was significant and negative, highlighting an acreage threshold to adoption. In general, our findings underscore the importance of information access and landownership in adoption of soil and water conservation technologies in the Rwizi catchment of Uganda.     

Smallholder Supply Response to Marketing Board Activities in a Dual Channel Marketing System: The Case of Zambia

In recent years, parastatal grain marketing boards have re‐emerged as important elements of grain markets in eastern and southern Africa, yet little is known about how farmers are responding to their scaled up activities. This article develops a conceptual model of farmers’ production decisions in the context of dual output marketing channels (government and private sector) when output prices at harvest time and the availability of one of the marketing channels are unknown at planting time. It then applies the model to the case of Zambia and uses nationally representative household‐level panel survey data to estimate the effects of the Food Reserve Agency (FRA), the government parastatal maize marketing board, on smallholder crop production and fallow land. The FRA buys maize from smallholders at a pan‐territorial price that typically exceeds market prices in major maize producing areas. Results suggest that increases in the farmgate FRA maize price raise farmer maize price expectations, which induces a supply response. Smallholders respond to an increase in the FRA price by extensifying their maize production. On average, a 1% increase in the FRA price is associated with 0.06% increases in smallholders’ maize area planted and quantity harvested. There is also some evidence that farmers reduce the area of land under fallow in response to FRA incentives but there is no evidence of reductions in the area planted to other crops.