The Demand for Salmon in the European Union: The Importance of Product Form and Origin

This paper addresses the importance of different product forms and their origin when considering the market structure in the European salmon market. The competition between farmed salmon and wild caught Pacific salmon has received some attention previously. However, this was before frozen Atlantic salmon emerged as an important product form in the market. This could be important as frozen Atlantic salmon is more likely to be a close substitute for Pacific salmon, which is mostly marketed frozen, than is fresh Atlantic salmon. In this paper, an almost ideal demand system is used to estimate the demand for fresh Atlantic salmon, frozen Atlantic salmon and frozen Pacific salmon in the European Union.     

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Costs of Farming Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)

Commercial aquaculture, the cultivation of fish in managed systems, has received increasing attention in recent years as an alternative source of fish, employment and income. High value species particularly offer a better prospect of profitable farming. For example, Atlantic salmon, which is one of the more expensive species on the market, is now being farmed in Norway, Scotland, Canada, the United States, and several other countries. Norway has made rapid progress in Atlantic salmon aquaculture; farmed salmon have now replaced cod as her principal export species. In the opinion of some observers, Norway' s success in farming the Atlantic salmon is the most significant event in the history of European aquaculture (United States Department of Commerce, 1984).
Commercial aquaculture in Canada is still in its initial stage of development, but recently there has been increased interest in aquaculture as a means of generating incomes and jobs, and of acquiring technological expertise. The Science Council of Canada has urged a commitment towards commercial aquaculture; it cites Norwegian aquaculture that by the year 2000 could be producing fish worth U.S. $3 billion and be employing 50.000 people (Science Council of Canada 1985). In Canada, farming of Atlantic salmon is expanding rapidly on both east and west coasts. Canada' s output of farmed Atlantic salmon reached 174t in 1984 and is forecast to reach 1,200t by 1987, with a further immediate potential on the east coast of 2.000–3,000t. On the west coast, more than a million Atlantic salmon eggs have been imported for hatching and for cultivation in sea pens. The number of Atlantic salmon farms on the west coast is projected to more than double by the end of 1986.     

The Demand for Atlantic Salmon in Canada: Reply

In their comment on our paper, Bing-Hwan Lin and Nancy Williams have raised some interesting issues, but some of them are peripheral to the objective of our original study. The central objective of our original paper is to estimate income and price elasticities of demand for Atlantic salmon in Canada and then to use the parameter values to evaluate the market potential of farmed Atlantic salmon which are now being produced in Atlantic Canada. Accordingly, a demand equation has been estimated using annual data for the period 1955–1981. The inverted form has given a good fit and the results are reported in the paper.     

Consumer Concern About Food Safety and Its Impact on Their Familiarity With Food Traceability Systems in China

Consumer familiarity is critical in the promotion of food traceability systems. The authors used consumer survey data from four cities in China to conduct a quantitative investigation of consumer concern about food safety and its impact on the consumers’ familiarity with food traceability systems. Statistical analysis and a Probit model were used, and the results show a high level of consumer concern about food safety. In contrast, consumers’ familiarity with food traceability systems is very low. Consumers’ concern about food safety significantly influences their familiarity with food traceability systems. In addition, consumers’ age, work experiences related to the food industry, and habit of asking for food receipts or invoices all have significant influences on their familiarity with food traceability systems.     

Competition between farmed and wild salmon: the Japanese salmon market

This article examines the Japanese market for salmon. This market is of interest, since it is the largest and most diversified salmon market in the world with wild and farmed species, from Europe and South and North America, competing in the same market. In contrast to the European Union (EU)‐ and U.S.‐markets, there have been neither trade conflicts nor trade restrictions. The Japanese market can hence provide information about the impact of bringing substantial quantities of a new product into a market, and the effect of large‐scale aquaculture on traditional fisheries. In this article, market integration between wild and farmed salmon on the Japanese market is examined, using both bivariate and multivariate cointegration analysis. Tests for the Law of One Price are also conducted. The results indicate that the species are close substitutes on the market, and that the expansion of farmed salmon has resulted in price decreases for all salmon species.     

Seafood Purchasing Preferences of Hawaii Chefs: Comparing Actual Purchase to Stated Preferences From Conjoint Choice Experiment

This study investigated if Hawaii chefs use wild seafood products over farm-raised and local over imports. Chefs were asked to estimate their purchases for shrimp, tuna, mahimahi, and salmon. Chefs were also asked to choose products within conjoint choice experiments to indirectly determine their preferences. Price is the most important attribute for shrimp. Hawaii chefs would prefer wild and farm-raised local, fresh shrimp if it were competitively priced over low-priced imported and frozen alternatives. This result can be useful for the shrimp aquaculture industry in Hawaii. The low importance of production method when purchasing seafood should be further explored.     

Traceability in the Canadian Red Meat Sector: Do Consumers Care?

Increased traceability of food and food ingredients through the agri-food chain has featured in recent industry initiatives in the Canadian livestock sector and is an important facet of the new Canadian Agricultural Policy Framework (APF). While traceability is usually implicitly associated with ensuring food safety and delivering quality assurances, there has been very little economic analysis of the functions of traceability systems and the value that consumers place on traceability assurances. This paper examines the economic incentives for implementing traceability systems in the meat and livestock sector. Experimental auctions are used to assess the willingness to pay of Canadian consumers for a traceability assurance, a food safety assurance, and an on-farm production method assurance for beef and pork products. Results from these laboratory market experiments provide insights into the relative value for Canadian consumers of traceability and quality assurances. Traceability, in the absence of quality verification, is of limited value to individual consumers. Bundling traceability with quality assurances has the potential to deliver more value.     

Import Demands for Norwegian Farmed Atlantic Salmon and Wild Pacific Salmon in North America,Japan and the EC

Import demands for Atlantic and Pacific salmon are estimated for Japan, the European Community and North America. Cross-price elasticities indicate that wild high-valued Pacific salmon (chinook. coho and sockeye) and farmed Atlantic salmon are substitute goods in the marketplace. This finding implies that movements in the prices of both fanned and wild salmon can be caused by supply or demand changes in the market for either type of salmon. This result in turn has important implications for future markets and prices of fanned and wild salmon in Canada and the United States La demande à l'importation pour le saunion de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique esl eslimée pour le Japon, la CEE et l'Amerique du Nord. Les valeurs d'elaslicité croisée montrenl que le saumon “sauvage” du Pacifique hautement prisé (chinook, coho et sockeve) et le saumon d'elevage de l'Atlantique peuvent se substituer l'un à l'autre sur le manhé. Cette consultation signifie quedes mouvements dans les prix des deux types de saunion peuvent étre causés par des fluctuation de l'offre et de la demande affectant l'un ou l'autre type. Cela comporte d'imponantes répercussions pour I'avenir sur le manhé el sur les prix du saumon tant sauvage que d‘élevage au Canada et aux États-Unis     

河南省农产品质量安全可追溯体系建设研究

建立农产品质量监测系统是一项利国利民的重要举措,旨在促进农产品供应方面的结构体系改革,并建立农产品质量监测机制。建设农产品质量安全可追溯体系,对于政府来说可以加强对农产品安全的监控能力,对于农户来说可以提高履行生产和经营的责任,对于消费者来说可以增强消费者对农产品消费的信心。本文详细介绍了河南省农产品质量安全可追溯体系建设的情况,分析了农产品质量安全可追溯体系存在的问题,提出了进一步增强全社会对农产品质量安全的认识、监督各级监管制度的建设和执行情况,以及加强可追溯体系建设和宣传教育工作等相关措施。     

Consumer Attitude towards Organic Labeling Schemes in Japan

ABSTRACT

Japan is the most lucrative organic market in the Asian region and is projected to account for about 80% of the Asian market revenues by 2009 (Kuhlmann and Jones, 2006). This study identifies Japanese consumer preference and interest in two major labeling information- source of organic certification/traceability and country of origin for organic food products. Stated preference method (SPM) based survey data was collected from two major cities in Japan in order to develop Japanese consumers' organic food choice model. Findings show that Japanese consumers are willing to pay 10% price premium for the organic food products compared to conventional products that have no specific labeling, suggesting a significant profit margin to be possibly captured by the organic producers and marketers. The Japanese consumers have perceived value of the JAS label in their stated preference and showed willingness to pay a price premium for this quality certification system, which validates the importance of government-regulated mandatory labeling. Regarding the country origin labeling issue, the Japanese consumers showed clear preference for the domestic organic products to the imported products, while showing no preference for any particular country origin for imported organic products. For private-voluntary organic labeling, the consumer organization-led organic label is considered to be more reliable source than the retailer-guaranteed organic label.     

AN OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE — AN APPLICATION IN ATLANTIC SALMON*

In this paper the optimal management strategy for intensive aquaculture is viewed in terms of a combined strategy of releasing the optimal number of recruits and harvesting those recruits at the optimal harvesting time. A model which can be used to determine the optimal management strategy is developed. In the model the optimal harvesting model documented by Bjorndahl (1988, 1990) in which harvesting and feed costs are considered, is extended by including release costs and how they influence the optimal number of recruits. The model forms the basis for an empirical analysis in which the optimal management strategy for a yearclass of Atlantic salmon farmed in Australia during 1989-91 is considered.     

Food Safety and Private International Law

Abstract

One response to rising consumer concerns pertaining to food safety has been private industry and public sector initiatives to put in place traceability systems. One of the objectives of traceability systems is to enhance the deterrence role played by legal liability. When supply chains cross international boundaries, private international law governs liability. This paper explores the relationship between food safety, traceability, legal liability and private international law with the interface of Canadian and US law as the example. The conclusion is that, even when legal systems have a similar basis and governments cooperate in enforcement, the complexity of private international law will inhibit the role of traceability and liability in raising food safety standards.     

挪威三文鱼养殖业及其对我国的启示

挪威是世界上重要的三文鱼养殖地之一,三文鱼产量长期居全球首位,挪威三文鱼养殖业取得了举世瞩目的成绩。本文在对挪威三文鱼养殖业进行实地走访调研的基础上,借助于联合国粮农组织渔业统计数据库和贸易统计数据库,对挪威三文鱼养殖业的成就进行了简要介绍,并对挪威三文鱼养殖业取得成功的因素和存在的问题进行了详细分析,以期为我国水产养殖业的发展规划提供参考。     

水产食品企业实施可追溯体系的意义及措施

随着水产食品全球化供给的增加,以及近来食源性疾病的不断爆发,人们越来越关注水产食品安全问题,因此,许多国家和消费者将建立水产食品可追溯体系视为降低水产食品不安全性和增强消费者信心的有力武器。本文首先就水产食品可追溯体系产生的背景及原因进行了简要的阐述并给出了水产食品可追溯体系的定义,接着提出了建立可追溯体系给我国水产食品生产企业带来的利益,最后就我国水产食品生产企业如何建立和实施水产食品可追溯体系提出了建议。     

Sport and Commercial Fishing Allocations for the Atlantic Salmon Fisheries of the Miramichi River

The Atlantic salmon has been harvested by both commercial and recreational fishers for many years on the river systems of the province of New Brunswick on Canada 's Atlantic coast. The commercial fisheries were closed and controls were placed on the recreational fisheries following the 1983 collapse of the salmon stocks. This management policy remains in effect. A preliminary analysis using a linear control model showed this to be an economically efficient harvest allocation policy on New Brunswick's Miramichi River. The analysis is extended to the more realistic nonlinear framework here to determine whether the harvest allocation decision would be significantly changed. Both fisheries are found to generate positive net economic benefits, although the recreational fishery is determined to be more valuable than the commercial fishery. Permanent closure of the commercial fishery is not indicated.     

木材可追溯性、林产品市场准入标准与中国林产品贸易

首先界定了木材可追溯性的概念和内容,然后从政府、环保组织和企业三方面总结了国际社会各界的反应,最后分析了木材可追溯性的发展趋势及其对中国的启示。研究结果表明:发达国家以环境贸易立法的形式提出的木材可追溯性的强制性要求越来越明确和具体,沿着林产品供应链向纵深方向发展,已成为林产品国际市场准入的一个新标准;木材可追溯性得到了国际社会各界的纷纷响应,正从世界主要林产品消费国向木材供应国发展,全球范围的木材可追溯体系即将形成。中国作为一个长期的林产品贸易大国,在世界林产品贸易格局中处在中间加工国的位置,必须客观分析木材可追溯性标准的影响,建立和完善中国的木材可追溯体系。     

The Demand for Atlantic Salmon in Canada

This paper estimates values for a few important parameters related to the Atlantic salmon market in Canada. Included among the estimated parameters are income and price elasticities of demand. Many economists are currently engaged in the study of economic feasibility of farmed Atlantic salmon in Canada. In these studies forecasts of demand for Atlantic salmon play a crucial role. Since there are no serious studies on relevant elasticity estimates, the researchers have so far relied on extrapolations of historical time series data on demand (see, for example, Marine Science Research Laboratory (198O), Ridler (1983)). In this study we have formulated and estimated demand equations for Atlantic salmon using Canadian data covering the period between 1955 and 1981. We have found a very high value for both price and income elasticities of demand. High elasticity values have interesting implications for salmon farming. The domestic market can absorb additional supplies for Atlantic salmon. A high price elasticity guarantees that there is scope for salmon fishermen to increase their revenue by selling a higher volume in the Canadian market. The value of income elasticity suggests that Atlantic salmon is a strongly superior good. Various pressure groups in Canada and elsewhere have been claiming that Atlantic salmon is an endangered species and restrictions on catches must be imposed to save the species from total extinction. Implications of such controls have been analyzed in the light of the calculated value of the elasticities. Cet article fait une estimation de valeurs pour quelques paramètres importants reiatifs à la vente du saumon de l'Atlantique au Canada. Re-venus et élasticité des prix à la demands sont inclus parmi les paramétres étudiés. Un certain nombre d'économistes étudient en ce moment l'-aspect économique de I'implantation d'élevages de saumon de l'Atlantique au Canada. Dans ces études les previsions portant sur la demande jop-uent un rolê-clé. Etant donné qu'il n'y a pas d'études sérieuses sur les estimations d'élasticité, les chercheurs se sont appuyésA jusqu'ici sur des extrapolations à partir de séries de données historiques sur la demande. Dans cette étude nous avons formulé et estimé des équations de demande pour 1e saumon de l'Atlantique qui utilisent des données canadi-ennes entre 1955 et 1981, Nous avons trouvé une très naute valeur pour l'éasticitéà la fois des pris et des revenus. La haute élasticité des valeurs a des implications intáressantes pour l'élevage du saumon. Le marché domestique peut aisément absorber une quantité supplémentalre de saumons. Une élasticité dans la gamine élevée des prix permet de garan-tir aux éleveurs de saumon une augmentation de leurs revenus par la vente d'un volume accru sur le marché canadien. La valeur de l'élasticité du revenu suggère que le saumon de l'Atlantique est une denrée su-périeure et qu'avec une augmentation du revenu réél per capita, la demande domestique augmentera à un rythme plus rapide. Plusieurs groupes de pression au Canada et ailleurs soutiennent que le saumon atlantique est une espèce en danger et que des restrictions sur les prises doivent Ctre imposées pour sauver ces espèces d'une extinction totale. Les implications de ce genre de contrôle ont áté ana-lysées à la lumière de la valeur calculée ces élasticités.     

预包装食品标签常见问题分析及建议

预包装食品标签作为展示产品质量重要内容之一,主要展示了食品生产者、质量指标、营养指标等信息,是消费者选购食品的主要参考依据。本文依据常用的国家标准及相关法律法规,对预包装食品标签常见问题及原因进行分析,并提出建议,为食品生产企业规范食品标签提供参考,也为食品安全监管部门日常监管提供一定的技术支持。     

Traceability, Liability, and Incentives for Food Safety and Quality

Recent food scares such as the discoveries of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and E. coli -contaminated spinach have heightened interest in food traceability. Here, we show how exogenous increases in food traceability create incentives for farms and marketing firms to supply safer food by increasing liability costs. We model a stylized marketing chain composed of farms, marketers, and consumers. Unsafe food for consumers can be caused by either marketers or farms. We show that food safety declines with the number of farms and marketers and imperfect traceability from consumers to marketers dampens liability incentives to supply safer food by farms.     

四川秦巴山区的绿色未来——绿色食品产业发展国外经验借鉴

绿色食品产业是绿色低碳经济发展的重要载体和市场前景广阔的朝阳产业。从绿色食品质量安全追溯监管体系、电子商务、新型职业农民培训、绿色金融支撑等方面分析国外支持绿色食品产业发展的先进经验,结合当前四川秦巴山区绿色食品产业发展存在困难和挑战,探讨如何在四川秦巴山区发展绿色食品产业。