THE SOURCES OF GROWTH AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Cross-country growth regressions have become an increasingly common tool in empirical development research. But these regressions typically do not attempt to distinguish among countries in different stages of development. Three empirical methods are used to test for such differences. Several of the factors known to affect economic growth are shown to operate differently for countries in different portions of the global income distribution. The results have implications for the role of financial markets, openness and factor accumulation in promoting growth. (JEL O150 , O160 , O400 )     

中国经济增长的源泉:1978—2007年

中国经济增长过于依赖资本投入。从长期来看,中国经济需要完成向集约型经济的转型。在2000年以后突出表现出来的出口导向增长模式很可能在未来难以为继。人力资本、科技进步和制度改革应该是未来中国经济保持健康持续增长所需要依赖的主要动力。     

FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE SOURCES OF GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE*

We extend the deterministic, nonparametric production frontier framework by incorporating financial development. Our analysis convincingly shows that (1) failure to account for financial development overstates the role of physical capital accumulation in labor productivity growth, (2) most of this overstated contribution stems from the efficiency‐enhancing role of well‐functioning financial institutions, (3) international polarization is solely driven by efficiency changes, and (4) increased distributional dispersion of productivity is primarily driven by technological change. Model’s extensions to account for the growth effect of changes in the institutional environment only add to the argument about the overstated role of physical capital.     

MAJOR SOURCES OF PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT AND INNOVATION GROWTH IN CHINESE ENTERPRISES

Abstract.  Using a data set based on a cross-sectional firm level survey conducted by the World Bank in year 2001, in this paper we investigate the major sources of production improvement and innovation growth of Chinese enterprises from ten major industries and five major cities. In terms of production improvement, the production network, R&D and innovation and openness are the crucial factors; and in terms of innovation growth, it could be enhanced through raising R&D inputs, training, improving managers' education, outsourcing and participating in a production network.     

SOURCES OF PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AUSTRALIAN TEXTILE AND CLOTHING FIRMS*

This paper estimates the sources of productivity growth in Australian textile and clothing firms based on the Business Longitudinal Survey (BLS) from 1995 to 1998. Productivity growth estimates have been obtained for each sub‐category of textile and clothing firms. Sources of growth in multifactor productivity (MFP) are examined with growth in technical efficiency and scale effects based on estimates of stochastic frontier production functions. Separate estimates of output growth have been compared with the productivity growth estimates for each of the product categories. MFP improved in all clothing firms and declined in textile firms over 1997–1998 by four‐digit level of Australia New Zealand Standard Industrial classification Scheme (ANZSIC). MFP declined in most major categories of both textile and clothing firms in 1995–1997. Changes in technical efficiency mostly dominated scale effects in the overall direction of MFPG in both textile and clothing firms. The findings of the study provide evidence for policies for improving the firms’ operative performance in the ongoing liberalised regime.     

THE FIFTH ASIAN DRAGON: SOURCES OF GROWTH IN GUANGDONG, 1979–1994

This paper presents a growth accounting exercise to uncover the sources of spectacular growth in the Guangdong Province in China, the so-called "Fifth Dragon" in Asia, for the post-open-door period 1979–1994. A large fraction of Guangdong's output growth cannot be attributed to the growth in its capital and labor inputs. Of the unexplained residuals, foreign direct investment is a significant growth-spurring engine while export expansion is not. In this sense, China's open door policy did not generate export-led growth although it did stimulate capital accumulation through the importation of foreign capital.
"East Asia has a remarkable record of high and sustained economic growth. From 1965 to 1990 the twenty-three economies of East Asia grew faster than all other regions of the world…. Most of this achievement is attributable to seemingly miraculous growth in just eight economies: Japan; the 'Four Tigers' —Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, China; and three newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand…."     

POST-REFORM PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE AND SOURCES OF GROWTH IN CHINESE INDUSTRY: 1980–85

This paper examines the productivity growth and its sources in 39 Chinese industries in the post-reform period 1980–85. We use both the gross-output and value-added models to isolate the contributions of labor, capital, materials and technical efficiency to growth in industrial output. Using new data from the National Industrial Census of China (1988) for large and medium-size enterprises, we find that Chinese industries, in particular, those in the manufacturing experienced sharp increases in total factor productivity growth in the 1984–85 period as compared to the 1980–84 period. Moreover, collective and private enterprises show higher output and total factor productivity gains than do state enterprises. Our regression results show that total factor productivity gains are closely tied to increases in retained profits and the proportion of total employees that are technical workers. However, labor bonuses have a negative effect on total factor productivity growth.     

THE SOURCES OF AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: US MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1958–1996

The sources of aggregate productivity growth are explored using detailed data for four‐digit US manufacturing industries during 1958–96 and a decomposition formula that allows us to quantify the contribution of structural change. Labour productivity as well as total factor productivity are considered with either value‐added or employment shares serving as aggregation weights. It is shown that structural change generally works in favour of industries with increasing productivity. This effect is particularly strong in the years since 1990, in high‐tech industries and in durable goods producing industries. The impact of the computer revolution can be clearly identified.     

GAUGING THE SOURCES OF GROWTH OF HIGH‐TECH AND LOW‐TECH INDUSTRIES: THE CASE OF KOREAN MANUFACTURING*

Literature argues that the source of growth for high‐tech industries emanates from technological progress, while that for low‐tech industries comes from technical efficiency improvement. Also, some empirical studies have shown that technological progress is often accompanied by deterioration in technical efficiency. The focus in this study is to discuss a methodology and test the above two hypotheses with regard to Korean manufacturing data from 1970 to 1997. The study found that the 2.5 per cent average annual rate of technological progress during this period was the major contributor to total factor productivity (TFP) growth in Korean manufacturing whereas technical efficiency grew by a modest 1.1 per cent per annum. The analysis also showed that technological progress was responsible for TFP growth in both high‐tech and low‐tech industries and that both technological progress and technical efficiency improvement co‐existed in the case of Korean manufacturing industries.     

阻碍中国经济加速增长之源： 1960-2012年*

当一个国家跨入中等收入阶段后,如果不能实现经济的加速增长,将无法实现向高收入阶段的跨越,其结果会落入中等收入陷阱之中。本文通过构建用于计算中国经济增长减缓和增长加速的时间点约束条件,通过对中国1960-2012年数据进行筛选,找出中国经济增长的增长减缓点和增长加速点,并且借助于Probit模型,从结构性因素、社会与环境因素、官员腐败因素三个方面实证考察阻碍中国经济加速增长之源。最后提出本文的研究结论和政策建议。     

中国流动性过剩原因辨析

存贷差和外汇占款以及M2与M1差额的不断拉大等都不是流动性过剩的直接成因,而是由于货币政策没有及时对经济发展出现的变化作出反应造成的。解决流动性过剩问题有三条思路:一是要加大货币政策的紧缩力度以收紧流动性,从而预防可能发生的通货膨胀;二是使用扩张性的财政政策,在货币政策紧缩的同时,通过财政政策的扩张保证经济的稳定发展;三是加快利率市场化进程,为汇率自由浮动提供前提和基础。     

中国经济的增长-GDP数据的可信度以及增长的微观基础

本文从GDP计算体系和经济增加值(EVA)分析方法着眼,对近年来中国经济增长速度及其与企业微观绩效之间的关系进行了理论和实证性的分析。研究结果表明,首先,我国近年来的经济增长数据基本可靠;第二,我国宏观和微观经济之间并不存在本质性的背离;第三,我国经济的可持续发展的增长点来自于上市公司、集体企业、民营企业、外商及港澳台投资企业、股份制企业等;最后,中国经济的增长能否继续如现状持续下去,很大程度上取决于资本成本能否继续下降。     

中国经济的增长-GDP数据的可信度以及增长的微观基础

该文从GDP计算体系和经济增加值(EVA)分析方法着眼,对近年来中国经济增长速度及其与企业微观绩效之间的关系进行了理论和实证性的分析.研究结果表明,首先,我国近年来的经济增长数据基本可靠;第二,我国宏观和微观经济之间并不存在本质性的背离;第三,我国经济的可持续发展的增长点来自于上市公司、集体企业、民营企业、外商及港澳台投资企业、股份制企业等;最后,中国经济的增长能否继续如现状持续下去,很大程度上取决于资本成本能否继续下降.     

山西省城市化类型的划分

区域城市化类型研究,旨在把握不同区域的城市化特征和面临的问题,以便有针对性地提出区域城市化的发展对策,为全省城市化战略决策提供依据。本文在讨论城市化类型划分的原则及度量城市化的指标体系的基础上,采用多指标主成分分析方法,对山西省的区域城市化类型进行了划分,并分析了主要城市化类型的特征及发展对策。     

ON THE SOURCES OF AGGREGATE FLUCTUATIONS IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

Recent research on macroeconomic fluctuations in emerging economies has advocated introducing a stochastic productivity trend or allowing for interest rate shocks and financial frictions. We estimate a model that encompasses these two approaches, shedding light on their relative merits and on how financial frictions affect the transmission of shocks. The model accounts for aggregate fluctuations by assigning a dominant role to financial frictions in amplifying conventional (temporary) productivity shocks, whereas trend shocks play a minor role. A link between spreads and expected future productivity emerges as essential for a reasonable approximation to the data.     

ON THE SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY IN EXCHANGE RATE PREDICTABILITY

In a unified framework, we examine four sources of uncertainty in exchange rate forecasting models: (i) random variations in the data, (ii) estimation uncertainty, (iii) uncertainty about the degree of time variation in coefficients, and (iv) uncertainty regarding the choice of the predictor. We find that models that embed a high degree of coefficient variability yield forecast improvements at horizons beyond one month. At the one‐month horizon, and apart from the standard variance implied by unpredictable fluctuations in the data, the second and third sources of uncertainty listed above are key obstructions to predictive ability. The uncertainty regarding the choice of the predictors is negligible.     

河南省县域农民纯收入增长差异及其演进格局分析

利用1996—2007年河南省统计年鉴和典型调研资料,从时间、空间及时空三个角度分析了河南省农民人均纯收入增长的区域差异及其演进格局,根据108个县域1996—2002年、2002—2007年农民收入年增长量进行聚类分析和类型区划分,逐类分析各类型区农民纯收入增长变化的特点,并分析了农民收入区域差异格局形成的成因。结果表明:低农民收入低增长速度区位于河南省南部和东部,空间布局近似"Y"字型,农民的收入主要来源于粮食种植收入;低农民收入高增长速度区分散分布于河南省中部、北部、南部、西部,紧邻市辖区,农民收入主要来源于种植业收入和从事非农产业的工资性收入;高农民收入低增长速度区位于郑州都市圈内,紧邻郑州市,近似环状布局,非农产业收入占农民纯收入的比重较大;高农民收入高增长速度区位于郑州市,紧邻郑州市市辖区,农民收入以工资性收入为主,增收渠道逐步多元化。农业生产条件差异、地理区位不同和非均衡的区域发展政策是农民纯收入地区差异的主要原因。