管理者胜任特征的模仿与替代机制研究

文章分析了管理者胜任特征的模仿与替代机制,以及胜任特征与绩效的关系,讨论了模仿壁垒与可替代性威胁存在的作用.研究结论有利于企业的管理者基于胜任特征开展一系列的人力资源管理实践活动,诸如招募、选拔、培训、开发、激励等,这将对实现人力资源管理的有效性起到借鉴作用.     

Exploring the relationship between media coverage and participation in entrepreneurship: Initial global evidence and research implications

Using a set of variables measured in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study, our empirical investigation explored the influence of mass media through national culture on national entrepreneurial participation rates in 37 countries over 4 years (2000 to 2003). We found that stories about successful entrepreneurs, conveyed in mass media, were not significantly associated with the rate of nascent (opportunity searching) or the rate of actual (business activities commenced up to 3 months old) start-up activity, but that there was a significant positive association between the volume of entrepreneurship media stories and a nation’s volume of people running a young business (that is in GEM terminology, a business aged greater than 3 but less than 42 months old). More particularly, such stories had strong positive association with opportunity oriented operators of young businesses. Together, these findings are compatible with what in the mass communications theory literature may be called the ‘reinforcement model’. This argues that mass media are only capable of reinforcing their audience’s existing values and choice propensities but are not capable of shaping or changing those values and choices. In the area covered by this paper, policy-makers are committing public resources to media campaigns of doubtful utility in the absence of an evidence base. A main implication drawn from this study is the need for further and more sophisticated investigation into the relationship between media coverage of entrepreneurship, national culture and the rates and nature of people’s participation in the various stages of the entrepreneurial process.

Emerging organizations' characteristics as predictors of human capital employment mode: A theoretical perspective

Entrepreneurship is important to capitalistic economies, and in management studies. Additionally, organizations recognize that human resources are imperative to survival. Although human resources is an important field, sparse theory has been applied to human resources in emerging organizations. Recognizing that emerging organizations are different from established organizations, we expand prior work in human resources and emerging organizations to introduce a human resource architecture of emerging organizations. We introduce a model for the employment mode of emerging organizations based on intentionality, resources, boundary, and exchange. We present propositions drawn from our theory, and conclude with implications and suggestions for research.     

Translating management ideas: Imitation modes and translation outcomes

This paper examines the translation of Leadership Pipeline in a Danish fire department. On the basis of a distinction between faithful and unfaithful imitation, we contribute to a better understanding of imitation as a driving force in translation processes. Rather than equating imitation with unfaithfulness, we show that translation can be guided by different and successive imitation modes over time and involve different degrees and combinations of ideational and organizational change. We connect different imitation modes with two translation outcomes; disalignment and reproduction, that have received little attention in previous research.     

Translating socially responsible workforce reduction—A longitudinal study of workforce reduction in a Swedish company

This article seeks to add to our understanding of the significance and impact of processes of translation in the context of socially responsible workforce reduction. Abandoning the tendency among researchers and policy-makers to regard socially responsible workforce reduction as a stable feature or model that can be passed on and implemented in any organisation regardless of the local context, it will be claimed here that any attempt to understand what socially responsible workforce reduction means in practice must take account of the context in which it occurs and the processes whereby new ideas are imitated and translated by local actors. This claim will be supported by field data from a large Swedish company that has been undergoing extensive restructuring since the beginning of the 1990s. The implications of the article highlight the need for researchers to take account of the way workforce reduction practices are connected over time and to consider the space for translation available to local actors when it comes to defining the meaning of socially responsible workforce reduction in their own local context. The paper also contributes to our understanding of the interrelationship between the translation of such ideas and the processes of institutionalisation.     

Public support to innovation and imitation in a non-scale growth model

This paper studies technology policy within a version of Jones's [1995. R&D-based models of economic growth. Journal of Political Economy 103, 759–784] non-scale R&D-based growth framework that incorporates imitation of foreign techniques. In the model, imitation is the most important source of productivity growth at the beginning of the convergence process, whereas innovation dominates later on. In addition, the transitional dynamics of the model can account for well-known empirical regularities regarding the relationship between the level of economic development and public support to technology innovation and imitation. The paper shows as well that, even though policy in Jones-type non-scale models has no long-run growth effects, level effects can be substantial.     

自主创新与技术模仿:一个无规模效应的内生增长模型

通过将技术模仿引入到Jones(1995)模型,本文比较考察了自主创新与技术模仿这两类基本创新模式对长期经济增长的作用。模型的竞争性市场均衡求解结果表明,技术模仿不仅有利于提高平衡增长路径时本国的稳态增长率,而且引致更多的人力资本被配置到研发部门。经济系统动态转移的数值模拟分析进一步探讨了技术模仿、技术差距、自主研发效率,以及技术吸收能力对经济收敛速度的影响。     

Roles of chairs in entrepreneurship: What deans expect

Major donations, especially for endowed chairs, put Colleges of Business and Universities in the spotlight and create a great deal of excitement, highlighting the important role that educational institutions play in benefiting the students, the community, and society in general. This kind of excitement needs to be sustained over time, signifying the link that the endowed Chair or Professorship in Entrepreneurship creates between the past, the present, and the future. Consequently, there is a need for a long-term personal connection and close relationship between the donor, the faculty holding the endowed chair, and the institution represented by the Dean that should be preserved over time. This study reports findings of a survey of the perceptions of AACSB Deans on what an Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship is, and what it could, and should mean for their institution.     

A conceptual model of public sector corporate entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship has been conceptualized as a process that can occur in organizations of all sizes and types (Burgelman, Academy of Management Review, 8, 32–47, 1983; Miller, Management Science, 29, 770–791, 1983; Gartner, Academy of Management Review, 10, 696–706, 1985; Kao, Entrepreneurship, creativity and organization, 1989). This paper develops a conceptual model of public sector corporate entrepreneurship. The proposed model is intended to depict the main antecedents that relate to corporate entrepreneurship within the public sector and the impact of corporate entrepreneurship on public sector organizational performance (growth, development and productivity), as well as factors influencing its continuous performance. Following discussion of the model’s contents, the potential value for researchers and those engaging in public sector corporate entrepreneurship are described.     

A Spatial Model of the Impact of Bankruptcy Law on Entrepreneurship

Abstract

This paper employs spatial econometrics techniques to estimate the impact of bankruptcy regulation on small firm formation. The estimation of the model is computationally challenging due to the joint appearance of a lagged endogenous variable and the unobserved heterogeneity which requires modelling of initial conditions as described in Heckman (1981). We test for the joint significance of the state dummy variables in a way that can be viewed as an interesting alternative to the Hausman procedure. This was important for our analysis since, as sometimes happens in finite samples, the estimated variance–covariance matrix was not positive semi-definite. We found that the predicted probability of starting a business is 25% higher in states with higher bankruptcy exemptions than their neighbours relative to states with lower exemptions than their neighbours.

Un modèle spatial de l'impact des lois sur la faillite sur la création d'entreprises

Résumé La présente communication emploie des techniques d’économétrie spatiale pour évaluer l'impact de la réglementation en matière de faillite sur la constitution de petites entreprises. L'estimation du modèle pose des difficultés sur le plan computationnel en raison de l'apparition conjointe d'une variable endogène décalée et de l'hétérogénéité non observée, qui rend nécessaire la modélisation de conditions initiales, de la façon décrite par Heckman (1981). Nous testons la signification conjointe des variables indicatrices de l’état d'une façon qui peut être considérée comme une alternative intéressante à la procédure de Hausman. Ceci était important pour notre analyse, car, comme nous le relevons parfois dans des échantillons finis, la matrice variance–covariance estimée n’était pas semi-définie positive. Nous en concluons que la probabilité prévisible du lancement d'une affaire est plus élevée de l'ordre de 25% dans les états qui appliquent des exemptions pour les faillites supérieures à celles des pays avoisinants, par rapport aux états qui appliquent des exemptions inférieures à celles de leurs voisins.

Un modelo espacial del impacto de la ley de bancarrotas sobre las iniciativas empresariales

Résumén Este artículo emplea técnicas de econometría espacial para estimar el impacto de las normativas de bancarrotas sobre la formación de empresas pequeñas. La valoración del modelo es computacionalmente desafiante, debido a la aparición conjunta de una variable endógena rezagada y heterogeneidad inadvertida que requieren la modelación de las condiciones iniciales, como se describe en Heckman (1981). Ensayamos la significancia conjunta de las variables de prueba estatales de una forma que puede percibirse como una alternativa interesante al procedimiento Hausman. Esto fue importante para nuestro análisis, ya que, como ocurre a veces con muestras finitas, la matriz estimada de varianza–covarianza no fue semidefinitiva positiva. Descubrimos que la probabilidad predicha de iniciar un negocio es un 25% mayor en los estados con mayores exenciones de bancarrota que sus vecinos, en relación con estados con menos exenciones que sus vecinos.

     

Cooperation through imitation and exclusion in networks

We study the coevolution of networks and action choices in a Prisoners' Dilemma. Agents in our model learn about both action choices and choices of interaction partners (links) by imitating successful behavior of others. The resulting dynamics yields outcomes where both cooperators and defectors coexist under a wide range of parameters. Two scenarios can arise. Either there is “full separation” of defectors and cooperators, i.e. they are found in two different, disconnected components. Or there is “marginalization” of defectors, i.e. connected networks emerge with a center of cooperators and a periphery of defectors.     

A historical review of early entrepreneurial theatrical activity in a growing railroad center

The railway system played a large part in the industrialization of America and the migration westward, and was also a major cause for the growth of the American theatre, especially in the American frontier. It provided an exceptional opportunity for any entrepreneurially oriented, as well as economically dissatisfied actor who followed these pioneers in these territories and helped established theatres to meet the cultural expectations of the pioneer audience. As long as there was economic development in a pioneer region, and as long as there was adequate transportation, especially railroad, a pioneer town became a center in which people from surrounding areas usually congregated and theatres flourished. The purpose of this paper is to undertake one such historical review of entrepreneurial theatrical emergence as a contributing societal platform of civic, cultural, and artistic perspectives and realities in the development of a locale, namely, the railroad center of Jackson, Michigan.