童车中的劳斯莱斯驶进上海世博

以“安全、细节、品质及创新”为理念的意大利顶级童车品牌英吉利那近日在上海世博会最佳城市示范区威尼斯馆进行了其2011年童车新品展示会。20世纪60年代,受到当时英国皇室成员乘坐的四轮马车的激发,公司创始人李维尔多托马斯创造出一辆举世瞩目的婴儿车,将女性柔弱的臂膀从体重日益增长的婴孩中解放出来,开创了一种全新的亲子形态。     

The content and process of automation strategies

If automation is to support the competitiveness for a manufacturing company, strategic as well as operational issues need consideration. To best support competitiveness, decisions concerning automation should be treated as one of several decisions in a manufacturing strategy. Furthermore, to fully utilize the advantages from automation, the manufacturing strategy content and process needs refinement. In this paper, improvement of the manufacturing strategy theory is suggested, mainly based on employment of human factors engineering.     

Comparative industrial advertising: The content and frequency

Comparative advertising is the pratice of comparing two or more named or unnamed products in an advertisement. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of comparative advertising in widely circulated industrial publications. The study examined approximately 2100 full-page advertisements in major trade publications for the years 1970, 1975, and 1980. It was found that comparative advertising is not the dominant format for industrial journal advertising. Further, there was a significant decrease in the use of comparative advertising from 1975 to 1980. Nevertheless, when industrial advertisers use comparative advertising, they tend to rely more frequently on implied comparisons rather than on the more aggressive, strictly comparative format. Also, industrial marketers seem to be more inclined to stress product features rather than price, distribution, or promotion when using comparative advertising.     

上海玩具博览会：中国童车行业的风向标

麦加,穆斯林心目中的圣地,到麦加去“朝觐”,是每个穆斯林心中最大的理想。而在中国童车行业内,不论是厂商,还是经销商,每年3月举行的上海玩具博览会就如同他们的“麦加”一样,每年一次的欢聚,既是寻找新商机的重要契机,更是了解行业发展趋势、加强业界同仁交流的重要平台。     

Examining correlations between preparation experiences of US technology and engineering educators and their teaching of science content and practices

The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent of the relationship between select technology and science preparation experiences of United States (US) technology and engineering (T&E) teachers and their teaching of science content and practices. Utilizing a fully integrated mixed methods design (Teddlie and Tashakkori in Res Schools 13(1):12–28, 2006), this study was conducted to inform the pre- and in-service preparation needs for US T&E educators. A random sample of 55 Foundations of Technology (FoT) teachers across 12 US county school systems within an International Technology and Engineering Educators Association consortium state participated in an online survey, leading to eight teachers being purposefully selected for classroom observations. Data collected from the surveys and classroom observations were analyzed through Spearman’s rho tests to examine the strength of the relationships between certain formal/informal preparation factors and the teaching of science content and practices. These data were corroborated with FoT curriculum content analyses, classroom observation audio recordings and notes, and interview responses to help validate the results. Analyses of the data revealed significant correlations between specific formal and informal preparation experiences and the observed teaching of science content and practices. The findings and conclusions drawn from the data analyses provided implications for T&E educators, science educators, educational researchers, pre-service programs, and in-service professional development efforts.     

The perilous leap between exploration and exploitation

Research summary : R&D‐based exploration and exploitation are necessary in order for firms to have sustainable competitive advantage. Yet, transitioning between these orthogonal types of R&D is considered profound organizational change. Building on recent research showing that compact, significant changes in R&D expenditure is an antecedent to the transition between explorative and exploitative R&D, I show that this leap between exploration and exploitation is quite hazardous. The magnitude of changes in R&D expenditure, whether increases or decreases, is positively associated with organizational failure. Firms maintaining higher levels of absorptive capacity are more capable of surviving the leap from R&D‐based exploitation to exploration, and firms that do not use reductions in R&D expenditure to manipulate short‐term earnings performance are more likely to survive the leap from exploration to exploitation. Managerial summary : In order to survive and thrive, innovative companies must be able to exploit their existing competencies, and to explore for new ones once those current competencies decline in value. However, transiting from one form of innovation to the other is difficult because the skills required to explore are fundamentally opposed to those required to exploit. In this article, I describe how difficult this leap between exploration and exploitation can be. I show that the move between R&D‐based exploration and exploitation is related to organizational failure. In addition, firms that are superior learners are more likely to survive the leap from exploitation to exploration, and firms that are not cutting R&D expenditure to manipulate earnings are more likely to survive the leap from exploration to exploitation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content

A sample of 123 independent new ventures was classified into four industry growthlstrategic breadth categories. High growth industry environments were found to provide a favorable environment for new ventures to achieve sales growth; however, the highest sales growth rates were exhibited by new ventures pursuing broad breadth strategies in high growth industries. One-way ANOVA and contrast tests were also used to identify whether specific strategic variables varied across the four industry growth/strategic breadth combinations. New ventures in high growth industries chose to enter on a larger, more aggressive scale and placed more emphasis on new product development than those entering low growth industries. Broad breadth strategy ventures had higher levels of advertising and promotion expenses and placed greater emphasis on the dominance of marketing expertise in their top management team, developing new channels of distribution, and on brand name recognition. Ventures pursuing focus strategies emphasized specialty products and were less cost conscious.     

俄罗斯儿童用品市场年增长15-25％

据俄罗斯媒体报道,目前俄罗斯儿童用品市场是发展最为迅速的市场之一,年增长幅度为15—25％。俄罗斯儿童玩具市场表现出极大的增长。最近几年儿童玩具市场销售额的年均增幅约为30％。目前俄罗斯市场上已经拥有不同种类的俄罗斯本国和外国生产的玩具和游戏。目前俄罗斯儿童食品市场正处在积极发展的阶段。     

自主创新提升核心竞争力“群兴杯”全国首届童车设计大赛启动仪式在人民大会堂举行

面对国际金融危机的不断冲击,中央热切关注并鼓励企业“自主创新”。作为劳动密集型的玩具产业面临着金融危机带来的新挑战。如何提升企业的自主创新研发能力与国际竞争力,促进童车产品的升级换代,推动企业健康更快发展。3月25日,由教育部、广东群兴玩具实业有限公司联合主办、陕西科技大学承办的“群兴杯”全国首届童车设计大赛启动仪式在人民大会堂举行。     

Supply chain management: A multidisciplinary content analysis of vertical relations between companies, 1997-2006

The aim of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the research conducted on supply chain management (SCM) at a multidisciplinary level. To this end, a content analysis was performed of the most significant scientific literature about marketing, logistics, management and marketing channels published over the period 1997-2006. As a result, a database of 414 papers from 14 journals was created. Analysis of these works reveals the level of development of the main lines of research into SCM and makes it possible to detect the topics that require greater attention and which may be the object of future studies conducted by researchers and academics. It also allows managerial staff to identify the methodologies and tools that can be used to improve the management of relationships within the supply chain. One of the main conclusions reached in the study is the shortage of studies conducted on the supply chain as a network of enterprises, since most research focuses on a single enterprise or, at the most, on its relationships with its suppliers or direct customers.     

资本结构与财务质量相关性研究

本文以沪深交易所的纺织行业上市公司为对象,采用截面数据研究资本结构与财务质量之间的关系。研究结果表明:纺织行业上市公司资本结构与财务质量相关性显著,资本结构中的短期偿债能力与财务质量呈正相关,长期偿债能力与财务质量呈负相关,同时提出针对纺织行业上市公司优化资本结构以提高财务质量的合理建议。     

JSP与Web数据库的连接技术

介绍了用 JSP开发动态网站的优势及动态网站与后台数据库交换数据的速度、数据的安全性 ,即动态网站的性能均取决于 JSP与 Web数据库连接这一关键技术 ,给出了 JSP通过 JDBC与 Web数据库的连接方法以及对数据库的基本操作 ,同时给出 JSP在Resin for Windows环境下应用 Java Beans组件来具体实现与 Oracle数据库的连接及基本操作的实例。     

The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management

This study examines the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship intensity and five specific strategic management practices in a sample of 169 U.S. manufacturing firms. The five strategic management practices include: scanning intensity, planning flexibility, planning horizon, locus of planning, and control attributes. The results of the study indicated a positive relationship between corporate entrepreneurship intensity and scanning intensity, planning flexibility, locus of planning, and strategic controls. The fine‐grained nature of these results may be of practical use to firms that are trying to become more entrepreneurial and may help researchers better understand the subtleties of the interface between strategic management and corporate entrepreneurship. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The growing complexity of content delivery networks: Challenges and implications for the Internet ecosystem

Since the commercialization of the Internet, content and related applications, including video streaming, news, advertisements, and social interaction have moved online. It is broadly recognized that the rise of all of these different types of content (static and dynamic, and increasingly multimedia) has been one of the main forces behind the phenomenal growth of the Internet, and its emergence as essential infrastructure for how individuals across the globe gain access to the content sources they want. To accelerate the delivery of diverse content in the Internet and to provide commercial-grade performance for video delivery and the Web, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) were introduced. This paper describes the current CDN ecosystem and the forces that have driven its evolution. We outline the different CDN architectures and consider their relative strengths and weaknesses. Our analysis highlights the role of location, the growing complexity of the CDN ecosystem, and their relationship to and implications for interconnection markets.     

The relationship between product and international diversification: The role of experience

We establish prior diversification experience as a key determinant of the relationship between growth of product and international diversification. Prior diversification experience allows firms to overcome short‐run constraints on simultaneous diversification growth imposed by the difficulty to transfer tacit knowledge, ambiguous competencies, and limited absorptive capacity. Studying U.S. and European firms, we find a positive relationship between growth in product and international scope for firms with high and a negative one for those with little prior diversification experience. Further, we find that product diversification experience has greater impact than international diversification experience. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The relationships between intangible organizational elements and organizational performance

Despite the growing awareness of the importance of researching core strategic resources and activities, the work that has been done to date has largely taken the form of anecdotal reports and case study analysis. We have yet to see large‐sample studies demonstrating how organizational elements, independently, complementarily and interactively, may or may not enhance the organization's performance. Moreover, little attention has been given to researching this topic in public sector organizations. The present study aims to bridge this gap by examining the impact of a set of independent intangible organizational elements and the interactions among them on a set of objective organizational performance measures in a sample of local government authorities in Israel. The results of a multivariate analysis indicate that organizational performance (measured by self‐income ratio, collecting efficiency ratio, employment rate, and municipal development) can be well explained by six intangible organizational elements (managerial capabilities, human capital, internal auditing, labor relations, organizational culture, and perceived organizational reputation) and the interactions among them, which need to be taken into account in any cost effective development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The relationship between corporate diversification and corporate social performance

Does diversification affect firm response to stakeholder demands and social issues? Despite extensive interest in corporate diversification in the strategy literature, the relationship between diversification and corporate social performance (CSP) remains largely unexplored. In this study, I propose that the level of diversification will be positively related to the CSP of firms. However, when diversified firms have a strong focus on short‐term profit, it may discourage firm response to stakeholder demands and investment in social issues, thereby negatively moderating the positive relationship between the level of diversification and CSP. Empirical testing on a sample of U.S. firms generally supports my predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The relationship between knowledge sourcing and fear of imitation

When firms tap external knowledge sources, they risk spillovers of their own internal knowledge. If the value of this potential loss and the imitation capabilities of neighboring organizations are high, fear of imitation might overshadow the benefits of openness. In such situations, firms might voluntarily reduce their use of external sources, relative to knowledge available internally. Data pertaining to 4,623 European inventions and direct information about the use of knowledge sources confirm that firms reduce their use of external, relative to internal, knowledge when they conduct costly research projects in locations characterized by high levels of absorptive capacity in a specific technology. This study also reveals fear of imitation as a mediating factor of this behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The relationship between scientists and other decision-makers†

The paper deals with the relationship between scientists and other types of decision-maker. The author, basing his analysis on a schema devised by Paterson, distinguishes four types of authority—structural, sapiential, personal and moral. He discusses the various kinds of R&D decision-making levels and the authority appropriate to them and gives examples of where each may be exerted in an organisation. No form is effective unless it is accepted by all members of the relationship; sometimes dysfunctioning occurs because of inappropriate use of a particular form, a situation likely to occur in R&D where a high degree of specialised knowledge can be applied at hierarchical levels which may have somewhat restricted structural authority. He gives advice on how clashes of the different kinds of authority could be avoided. His overall conclusion is that the management of professionals could be effected more smoothly if all involved had a more complete understanding of the interplay between the types of authority.