我国公开市场操作对市场行为有效性的研究

文章主要从我国央行公开市场操作的发展趋向、影响公开市场操作对市场行为引导有效性的因素,以及我国公开市场操作提升有效性的改进等三个方面展开分析,并以美联储的货币政策操作和公开市场业务作为参照,以2005年我国汇率体制改革启动前后央行公开市场操作对债券市场的影响作为实证分析,论证了我国公开市场业务对市场行为的有效性、重要性和制约性,表明了我国公开市场操作在引导市场预期与央行调控意图一致性方面有明显提升。     

汇率制度能影响外汇市场压力和央行干预吗

按照Stavarek（2007）的方法和标准,分别计算了2002年1月到2011年12月期间人民币对美元的外汇市场压力及中央银行干预指数。结果显示,人民币实行参考一篮子货币的汇率制度与盯住美元的汇率制度相比,不仅没有减轻外汇市场压力,反而加大了外汇干预压力。汇率制度不是影响外汇市场压力的决定因素,但不同的汇率制度却对我国央行外汇市场干预程度产生了较大的影响。在人民币实行参考一篮子货币的汇率制度下,央行干预程度明显降低,汇率决定的市场化程度相应提高。     

汇率决定理论的新近发展:文献综述

传统汇率决定理论对于现实经济中汇率实际变动情况的解释能力十分低下.20世纪80年代以来,学术界不断寻求突破,以期为汇率如何决定这一基本命题提供更为合理的解释.在这一过程中,不断有新的文献出现,从不同的方面对传统的汇率理论进行补充、发展和替代.鉴于此,本文试图对汇率决定理论的新近发展进行梳理和介绍,借以为国内经济学界研究汇率决定问题提供一个理论参考.     

汇率升值经济效应的经验研究

本文分析了美元、日元与人民币升值的经济效应,从历史经验来看,实际汇率升值常常导致出口下滑、经济增长率下降,但不同的升值背景所导致的结果并不完全相同.80年代初的美元汇率升值对美国经常账户影响较大;1985年之后的日元汇率升值对日元经常账户影响不大,但日元升值连同不当的货币政策对日本形成很大打击,其主要负面效应是产业空心化以及资产泡沫;1994年至1997年人民币实际汇率升值的背景是国内需求旺盛、全球经济增长强劲,升值所导致的负面效应不够明显.除了历史经验之外,本文还回顾了实证文献对汇率升值经济效应的研究     

人民币实际汇率水平的合理性评估:1994-2008

本文基于行为均衡汇率模型,采用1994年第1季度-2008年第2季度的时序数据样本,运用自回归分布滞后模型测算了人民币均衡实际汇率,并对人民币实际汇率的合理性进行了评估.分析结果表明,经济基本面因素能较好地拟合人民币实际汇率的变化过程;人民币实际汇率经历了三次低估和三次高估,但失调程度并不严重.     

Exchange rate volatility and regime change: A Visegrad comparison

We analyze exchange rate volatility in the Visegrad Four countries during the period in which they abandoned tight regimes for more flexible ones. We account for path dependency, asymmetric shocks, and movements in interest rates. In addition, we allow for a generalized error distribution. The overall findings are that path-dependent volatility has a limited effect on exchange rate developments and that the introduction of floating regimes tends to increase exchange rate volatility. During the period of flexible regimes, volatility was mainly driven by surprises. Asymmetric effects of news tend to decrease volatility under the floating regime. Interest differentials impact exchange rate volatility contemporaneously under either regime, although we find no intertemporal effect of interest differentials. Journal of Comparative Economics 34 (4) (2006) 727–753.     

Fundamentals, the exchange rate and prospects for the current and future EU enlargements: evidence from Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania and Turkey

We analyze the link between macroeconomic fundamentals and exchange rate dynamics in two new and two potential EU member states: Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Turkey. Given the different institutional settings of the exchange rate market in the countries of interest, we follow two different modelling strategies. For Romania and Turkey, we evaluate possible exchange rate misalignments based on a monetary model of exchange rate determination. In the case of Bulgaria and Croatia, with currency board and narrow-band peg arrangements against the euro, we discuss possible exit strategies and quantitatively assess the effects of the peg arrangements by means of simulation.

The behavior of the exchange rate in the genetic algorithm with agents having long memory

This paper studies the behavior of the exchange rate in Kareken and Wallace (1981)'s model under the genetic algorithm adaptation with agents having long memory. The simulation results show that, if agents have full memory, the average portfolio fraction will converge, and the initial equilibrium that it converges to is history dependent. Under the lasting evolutionary pressure of the noise trader, the market will eventually drift from one equilibrium to another, and asymptotically will converge to the neighborhood of an equilibrium with agents putting their savings equally into two currencies. If the agents do not have full memory, the foreign exchange market will show periodic crisis. Before and after a market crises, the average portfolio fraction will converge to different stationary equilibria. A mean difference equation of the average portfolio fraction is also given to describe the dynamics of the model.

Disorderly adjustments to the misalignments in the Korean won

This paper estimates the equilibrium exchange rates for Korea'sreal effective rates using Clark and MacDonald's (1999) behaviouralequilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach. The estimation resultsuggests that the real exchange rate was substantially overvaluedduring the period prior to the currency crisis of 1997–98.The subsequent adjustment, however, was disorderly in the sensethat the real exchange rate overshot its long-run equilibriumvalue. There was also a large deviation from the BEER, indicatingthat the sharp depreciation was not an equilibrium phenomenon.     

中美贸易失衡与人民币汇率“操纵”——基于汇率与贸易收支关系的实证研究

基于2002年1月至2011年12月的月度数据,运用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)模型,分别从总体和分行业的角度,探讨人民币兑美元实际汇率、汇率波动率与中美贸易收支之间的关系。研究结果表明,无论长期还是短期,人民币汇率水平和汇率波动率对中美两国之间总体和分行业贸易收支差额均不会产生显著影响。该结论意味着无论长期还是短期,中国政府都无法通过汇率操纵来达到扩大中美贸易收支顺差的目的。     

Import Contents of Final Expenditures in the United States

This paper applies the Kennedy and Thirlwall method of input-output formulation to study the differential import effect of final expenditures in the U.S. Import contents of consumption, investment, and government expenditures as calculated for 1958, 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1981, and 1984. It also separates import effects of trade expansion, changes in the competitive position, shifts in the level of final demands and changes in the structure of final demands. It is found that the import fractions of the four final expenditures differ substantially, resulting in different income multipliers. [410]     

The information content of market-based measures for the long-term inflation expectations of professionals: evidence from a midas analysis

Long-term inflation expectations taken from the Survey of Professional Forecasters are a major source of information for monetary policy. Unfortunately, they are published only on a quarterly basis. This article investigates the daily information content of market-based measures, such as inflation-linked swaps and breakeven inflation rates, for the next survey outcome. Using a mixed data sampling approach, we find that professionals account for the daily dynamics of market-based measures when they submit their long-term inflation expectations. We propose a daily indicator of professionals’ inflation expectations that outperforms alternative indicators that ignore the high-frequency dynamics of market-based measures. To illustrate the usefulness of the new indicator, we provide new evidence on the (re-)anchoring of U.S. inflation expectations.     

Professional forecasts of interest rates and exchange rates: Evidence from the Wall Street Journal’s panel of economists

We analyze economists’ forecasts of interest rates and exchange rates from the Wall Street Journal. We find that a majority of economists produced unbiased forecasts but that none predicted directions of changes more accurately than chance. Most economists’ forecast accuracy is statistically indistinguishable from a random walk model in forecasting the Treasury bill rate, but many are significantly worse in forecasting the Treasury bond rate and the exchange rate. We also find systematic forecast heterogeneity, support for strategic models predicting the industry employing the economist matters, and evidence that economists deviate less from the consensus as they age.     

Stabilizations, crises and the “exit” problem – A theoretical model

Exchange-rate-based stabilizations, even if successful, usually lack credibility initially. This is reflected in high (ex post) real interest rates and some degree of real exchange rate appreciation. Empirical observation suggests that wage inflation declines smoothly over time whilst interest rates are volatile. Our model captures these features and provides insights into: the eruption of exchange rate crises after a long period of apparently successful stabilization; the potential advantages of a heterodox approach; when to delay a stabilization attempt; and the optimal date for “exit” to a floating exchange rate.     

我国的央行票据发行与公开市场操作

央行票据是由中国人民银行发行、用以对冲外汇占款的短期债券,是我国实施公开市场操作的主要工具.它是我国外汇大量持续流入、国债市场不发达、央行资产负债结构不合理的产物.央行票据这种替代性操作工具和国债相比,利息成本的承担机制不同.央行票据的利息支付构成了新的货币扩张因素,呈现“反对冲”效应,增大通胀压力,其对冲操作效率也不断降低.与发达国家相比,我国目前还不存在成熟的公开市场操作,未来我国应努力建设多层次发达的国债市场,以提高公开市场操作的效率和货币政策的有效性.     

Exchange Rate Pass‐through: The Role of Regime Changes

We consider the effect on the degree of exchange rate pass‐through of the exchange rate regime in operation. We test the hypothesis that pass‐through will be lower under a float as firms may be reluctant to pass appreciations or depreciations on to their customers when there is a strong chance that they will be subsequently reversed. Taylor’s hypothesis that pass‐through will be lower in a low‐inflation environment is also considered. Both hypotheses are assessed in relation to the price of manufactured imports into New Zealand and we find that, whereas the shift to a float dramatically lowered the degree of pass‐through, the later shift to a low‐inflation regime has no significant additional effect on the pass‐through relationship.     

Is There a Link Between Exchange Rate Pass-Through and the Monetary Regime: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America

This paper investigates the relationship between the monetary regime: pegged, currency board, dollarization, and the exchange rate pass-through for a sample consisting of 15 Sub-Saharan Africa countries and 12 Latin American countries. The research findings about pass-through rates will shed light on the feasibility of a monetary union for Sub-Saharan Africa. The inclusion of the latter country group was deemed desirable to explore pass-through behavior in several monetary regime options not often used in Sub-Saharan Africa.