Modeling the effect of self-efficacy on game usage and purchase behavior

This research models the relationship between self-efficacy, game purchase and usage. Four-hundred and ninety three consumers responded to a questionnaire. We deployed confirmatory factors analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) across 4 game types; original model (all games) and alternative models, Sports/Simulation/Driving, Role Playing Game/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game/Strategy and Action/Adventure/Fighting. The impact of self-efficacy on usage and purchase was modeled both individually and simultaneously. For individual effects; models had adequate fit with Sports/Simulation/Driving showing an impact between self-efficacy on game usage and purchase. Our results showed no simultaneous relationship. We conclude that self-efficacy does impact usage or purchase but game type affects this relationship. Research implications are discussed.     

创业自我效能与企业家认知及创业行为关系研究

在对社会认知理论在创业研究领域应用新趋势及成果总结的基础上,对创业自我效能形成的认知因素及与创业行为的关联机制进行分析。提出了综合研究模型,提出沿着新创企业起源和发展历程中企业文化形成的脉络来考察创业自我效能对创业期企业家认知及创业行为的影响的研究思路,以及未来的研究趋势、研究重点与分析要点,为进一步深入到领导与学习过程,探索在此过程中企业家的认知发展,以及对创业绩效的影响奠定了理论基础。     

General theory of cultures' consequences on international tourism behavior

National cultures represent complex configurations of values rather than a collection of distinct individual value dimensions. This presentation applies qualitative (configural) comparative analysis (QCA/CCA) to consider how cultural recipes—complex configurations of national culture affect international experiential behavior. The QCA method focuses on considering asymmetric relationships—reporting conditions that are sufficient (but not necessary) to cause an outcome condition (e.g., high-dollar expenditures). Using measures of consistency and coverage the QCA method provides estimates of how well alternative configurative models explain behavior rather than relying on symmetric data analysis methods (correlations and multiple regression). The method includes the use of Hofstede's country value scores with data from group-level and sub-group (by age and prior consumption experience) exit survey responses of visitors to Australia from 14 Asian, European, and North American countries. The analysis applies QCA software (www.fsQCA.com) and the presentation includes XY plots of country-level value configurations and group-level consumption for total visit expenditures, length of visit, shopping behavior, and group touring behavior.     

Perceived customer showrooming behavior and the effect on retail salesperson self-efficacy and performance

The increasing product commoditization and price transparency afforded by online retail channels have left many brick and mortar stores bearing the costs associated with being used as a physical showroom without reaping the rewards of the final sale. As customers continue to take advantage of retail stores to gather information and turn to competing channels for purchasing, the role of the retail salesperson has shifted and retailers have been left without a clear understanding of how to manage this change in the retailing landscape. In this research, we first define “showrooming” – and investigate individual (i.e., salesperson)-level experiential consequences of perceived showrooming. We find negative relationships between perceived showrooming and salesperson self-efficacy and salesperson performance, which are positively moderated by salesperson coping strategies and cross-selling strategies. Our findings suggest that the negative effects of showrooming can be combated though specific salesperson behaviors and strategies. Further, exploratory findings at the store level reaffirm a negative relationship between perceived showrooming behaviors and performance. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings and offer specific managerial actions to address showrooming.     

Firm growth and barriers to growth among small firms in India

Empirical work on micro and small firms focuses on developed countries, while existing work on developing countries is all too often based on small samples taken from ad hoc questionnaires. The census data we analyze here are fairly representative of small business structure in India. Consistent with findings from prior research on developed countries, size and age have a negative impact on firm growth in the majority of specifications. Enterprises managed by women have lower expected growth rates. Proprietary firms face lower growth on the whole, especially if they are young firms. Exporting has a positive effect on firm growth, especially for young firms and for female-owned firms. Although some small firms are able to convert know-how into commercial success, we find that many others are unable to translate it into superior growth.     

The contrasting interaction effects of improvisational behavior with entrepreneurial self-efficacy on new venture performance and entrepreneur work satisfaction

Although improvisation is often considered to be an elemental component of entrepreneurship, little work has been done to evaluate factors that influence the relationship of entrepreneur improvisational behavior with important outcome variables. In an attempt to partly fill this gap, the current study examines the moderating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the relationship of founders' improvisational behavior with both the performance of their startups and their individual level of work satisfaction using a national (United States) random sample of 159 entrepreneurs. In alignment with our predictions, improvisational behavior was found to have a positive relationship with new venture performance (i.e., sales growth) when exhibited by founders who were high in entrepreneurial self-efficacy, whereas improvisational behavior was found to have a negative relationship with new venture performance when exhibited by founders who were low in entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Contrary to our expectations, entrepreneurial self-efficacy was found to have a negative moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneur improvisational behavior and work satisfaction.     

Effects of pricing on Internet user behavior

The INternet Demand EXperiment (INDEX) conducts experiments to measure demand for quality-differentiated Internet access as a function of bandwidth, traffic volume, applications, and pricing structure. This paper presents an overview of results based on aggregated data from five pricing experiments. In these experiments, pricing is based either on time, volume, a combination of both, or a flat-rate buy out option. Quality of Service (QoS) is differentiated by varying bandwidth for incoming and outgoing traffic. After describing the experimental design and characterizing our subject pool using demographic data, we examine the change in service usage by comparing the five experiments in terms of traffic generation, QoS selection, and expenditure.     

Hospital career management systems and their effects on the psychological state and career attitudes of nurses

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of organizational career management efforts on the emotional states and to investigate how such emotional states shape the employees’ career attitudes. By investigating the responses from 280 nurses, we tested our research model through the structural equation modeling-based analysis. The results confirmed the effects of job rotation and assessment among the elements of the career management system on emotional states. The effects of emotional states on career attitudes—career commitment, career withdrawal, and turnover intention—were also revealed from data analysis.     

Effects of physical contact on customers' shopping time and behavior

Touch is considered an important factor in various social situations. The present results show that touching customers in the store increased their shopping time, their evaluation of the store and also the amount of shopping. The findings suggest that interpersonal touch can be an important aid to salespeople and servers.     

Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet

Sustaining business success hinges upon a firm׳s ability to understand and capitalize on consumer behavior trends. Synthesizing information from a variety of sources, this paper discusses the nature of use of the Internet by American travelers. In general, the adoption of the Internet has reached a level of saturation and some traditional channels such as online travel agencies (OTAs) continue to dominate travel planning. While traditional means of Internet use for travel planning appears to be widespread across all customer segments, higher-order Internet uses (i.e., social media) are now prevalent among some segments, particularly among travelers of Generation Y. Also, there seems to be an important bifurcation in the traveler population in that the traditional online consumers remain unchanged with their pattern of use of online tools while sizable groups are adopting emergent information sources and transaction channels. This article details the particulars of these trends and offers managerial implications and future research directions.     

内蒙古旅游业品牌管理策略研究

近年来,内蒙古自治区各地开始不断发掘具有地域特色的文化和景点,使一些小景点如雨后春笋般迅速发展,共同推进了自治区的经济发展。现如今社会经济文化高速发展,旅游业也应随之适应现代化需求进行改革创新,根据我国政策要求从而制定可持续发展的规划,通过对旅游业的规模整合和品牌营销,突出品牌优势、服务营销及持续跟进客户等专属于企业的独特的特色性营销,使内蒙古旅游业知名度得到提升,尽可能让游客在旅行过程中,得到最大的视觉和心灵享受,得到游客最大的肯定。     

旅游电商品牌在大学生中的传播效果分析

面对当今的传播过度,品牌同质化严重的市场,如何更好地进行品牌传播和塑造企业良好的品牌形象则是旅游电商企业亟待解决的重点问题。在网络时代,中青年消费者成为网络购物的主力军。论文以纯旅游电商品牌为研究对象,以大学生作为目标受众,对旅游电商品牌在大学生中的传播作了定量研究,重点分析了旅游电商的受众反馈、效果反馈;并在此基础上提出明确品牌定位、提升品牌形象和广告精准投放等改进措施。     

Effects of violent television programmes on advertising effectiveness among young children

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of violent TV programmes on the effectiveness of advertising aimed at children. Using an experimental method, this study found that violent programmes elicit a high level of excitation among kindergarten attendees, which substantially enhances their advertising effectiveness. When advertising was viewed within a violent programme, children showed better ad recall and more favourable attitudes towards the ad than when advertising was viewed in a non-violent programme. Higher purchase intention and brand preference were also found among subjects who viewed the ad embedded in a violent programme.     

浅析GATS对中国旅游服务贸易发展的影响

“乌拉圭回合”谈判诞生的《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)是自世贸组织前身——关贸总协定成立以来在世界贸易自由化方面的重大突破，而世界旅游服务贸易是世界服务贸易的重要组成部分，在关贸总协定1986年开始的乌拉圭回合谈判中就被纳入了谈判议题。目前旅游业已发展成世界第一大产业，我国旅游服务贸易经过20多年的发展也成为我国创汇型的支柱产     

跨越欧洲绿色壁垒立足生态环境保护

随着国际贸易关锐壁垒的降低或取消,技术壁垒等非关锐壁垒日益成为先进工业国家,特别是欧洲、美国和日本保护本地或本国生态环境、企业利益和市场的手段。 中国科学技术促进发展研究中心的一份研究报告显示,近年来,我国60％以上的出口企业遭遇到了国外技术贸易壁垒,技术壁垒对我国出口造成的损失每年达450亿美元,占每年出口总额的25％以上。在受技术壁垒限制的出口企业中,40％受欧盟的限制,27％受美国限制,25％受日本限制,8％受韩国等其它国家和地     

Effects of relationship climate, control mechanism, and communications on conflict resolution behavior and performance outcomes

In this two-year study we develop and test a comprehensive model of conflict management. The conceptual model commences by demonstrating the importance of channel members’ past history of interactions as ‘setting the stage’ for members’ present ability to interact, that is, communicate, resolve conflict disputes, and ultimately, culminate in performance outcomes (financial as well as relational). In effect, we track the full gamut of conflict management related constructs in the conceptual model, from antecedent conditions to the consequents of conflict management. Empirical results, utilizing a sample of 282 retailing agents affiliated to a large North American supplier (principal) across two years, indicate strong evidence for fourteen of the eighteen hypotheses drawn from our conceptual model. Specifically, among other effects, data reveal that past history of cooperative versus conflictive orientations and bureaucratic versus trust-based governance mechanisms significantly influence the communication strategies adopted, which in turn determine whether the distributive or integrative conflict resolution behaviors are adopted. Further, the choice of conflict resolution behaviors adopted commensurately influences relational performance, and the type of communication strategy adopted influences financial performance. The paper concludes with a series of managerial implications and an agenda for future research.     

我国博物馆旅游的开发现状与对策分析

近年来,随着旅游业的蓬勃发展,特别是文化旅游的日益繁荣,博物馆旅游迅速兴起并且有着广大的发展空间。本文论述了我国博物馆旅游开发中存在的问题,分析了产生问题的主要原因,并提出了相关对策和建议。     

绿色壁垒对我国纺织服装业出口的影响与对策

随着中国加入WTO,传统的非关税壁垒被逐步削减.绿色壁垒以鲜明的时代特征日益成为国际贸易发展的主要关卡.绿色壁垒是以严格的环境标准和其他环境要求为主要内涵的一种贸易壁垒.入世以后,它取代过去的关税壁垒等贸易限制成为我国纺织服装业发展对外贸易的最大障碍.本文在深入分析绿色壁垒的定义及其特点的基础上,探讨其对我国纺织服装业的影响,进而提出相应的对策.     

Five decades of research on export barriers: Review and future directions

Although research on export barriers spans five decades, no single prior study has systematically reviewed findings in this field. This study enriches the discourse on internationalization through a systematic review of the factors associated with export barriers, the theories underpinning this, and the exact nature of the relationships. Findings indicate the bulk of empirical studies focus on drivers of export barriers. The study identifies thirty-six such variables, falling in the categories of firm demographics, export venture characteristics, managerial factors, environmental and operational factors, and international trading environment. Smaller sub-streams of research investigate export barriers as predictors, mediators, and moderators. A vote counting approach dissects the associations (i.e. positive, negative, and weak) between the various factors and export barriers. Moreover, the study identifies four explicit (i.e. resource-based view, incremental internationalization, network, and institutional theories) and two implicit (i.e. attribution and rationalization) theories underlying the associations. Concerning research design and methodology, the study highlights the underrepresentation of emerging markets, longitudinal studies, cross-national comparisons, and advanced multivariate analytical tools. Finally, the study draws key implications for managers, policymakers, and educators, before setting an agenda for future research.