Credit Derivatives and the Default Risk of Large Complex Financial Institutions

This paper proposes and implements a multivariate model of the coevolution of the first and second moments of two broad credit default swap indices and the equity prices of sixteen large complex financial institutions. We use this empirical model to build a bank default risk model, in the vein of the classic Merton-type, which utilises a multi-equation framework to model forward-looking measures of market and credit risk using the credit default swap (CDS) index market as a measure of the conditions of the global credit environment. In the first step, we estimate the dynamic correlations and volatilities describing the evolution of the CDS indices and the banks’ equity prices and then impute the implied assets and their volatilities conditional on the evolution and volatility of equity. In the second step, we show that there is a substantial ‘asset shortfall’ and that substantial capital injections and/or asset insurance are required to restore the stability of our sample institutions to an acceptable level following large shocks to the aggregate level of credit risk in financial markets.     

Capital management in mutual financial institutions

Capital management by mutual financial institutions (such as credit unions) provides a valuable testing ground for assessing the impact of capital regulation and theories of managerial behaviour in financial institutions. Limited access to external equity capital means that capital accumulation must be met primarily by reliance on retained earnings. To deal with shocks to the capital position and avoid breaching regulatory requirements, managers will aim to have a buffer of capital in excess of the regulatory minimum. Moreover, mutual governance arrangements and an absence of capital market discipline mean that managers have discretion to set target capital ratios which differ significantly from industry averages. This paper develops a formal model of capital management and risk management in mutual financial institutions such as credit unions which reflects these industry characteristics. The model is tested using data from larger credit unions in Australia, which have been subject to the Basel Accord Risk Weighted Capital Requirements since 1993. The data supports the hypothesis that credit unions manage their capital position by setting a short term target profit rate (return on assets) which is positively related to asset growth and which is aimed at gradually removing discrepancies between the actual and desired capital ratio. Desired capital ratios vary significantly across credit unions. There is little evidence of short run adjustments to the risk of the asset portfolio to achieve a desired capital position.     

我国上市银行风险抵补能力解析及其启示

《商业银行风险监管核心指标》是目前衡量国内商业银行风险状况及其抵补能力的权威规定。本文应用新的核心监管指标框架,以实证方法比较分析了我国5家上市股份制商业银行的信用风险状况及风险抵补能力和水平,透过指标及数据表象分析了背后存在的深层问题和原因。在此基础上,作者得出了国有商业银行海外上市必须提高资产质量和强化风险管控能力、加强业务转型和提高盈利能力、提高拨备及资本充足水平、与国际惯例接轨和加大信息披露等启示;并提出了完善《核心指标》、统一贷款损失准备计提办法及衡量指标、统一信息披露格式及口径等的政策建议。     

Cash demand,liquidation costs and capital market equilibrium under uncertainty

In this paper, the portfolio and the liquidity planning problems are unified and analyzed in one model. Stochastic cash demands have a significant impact on both the composition of an individual's optimal portfolio and the pricing of capital assets in market equilibrium. The derived capital asset pricing model with cash demands and liquidation costs shows that both the market price of risk and the systematic risk of an asset are affected by the aggregate cash demands and liquidity risk. The modified model does not require that all investors hold an identical risky portfolio as implied by the Sharpe-Lintner-Mossin model. Furthermore, it provides a possible explanation for the noted discrepancies between the empirical evidence and the prediction of the traditional capital asset pricing model.     

Merton Model and Capital Measurement in Commercial Banks: A Case Study of Selected Emerging Countries in Southeast Asia

Following the implementation of Basel III criteria concerning the supervision of banks capital, this paper attempts to examine the competence of Merton-type probability of default as an indicator for measuring optimal capital in commercial banks of five Southeast Asian emerging economies. The estimated default risk changes are consistent with the changes in market value of banks’ asset in countries studied. Using a forward-looking approach, the banks required capital has been measured to reach a hypothetical level of probability of default as an accepted level by policy makers. Empirical results show that the banks had to increase their current capital in order to reduce the risk of bankruptcy in crisis times. The findings of this study refer evidently to the efficiency of Merton-type default risk to estimate the adequate capital and to use in micro and macro-prudential studies or stress tests on commercial banks.     

货币政策对流动性风险的影响——基于银行信贷行为视角

本文基于我国现实背景和《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》,利用2008年至2017年间194家商业银行的相关数据,对我国银行净稳定资金率进行了度量,并在此基础上,检验了货币政策对我国商业银行流动性风险的影响,探究了其影响机理和传导渠道。研究表明:扩张型货币政策会提高商业银行的流动性风险;不同经济环境下,货币政策对流动性风险的影响存在差异但不具备异质性;不同类型的商业银行中,货币政策对流动性风险的影响不具有异质性;在货币政策对流动性风险的影响中,银行信贷行为是重要的传导渠道。因此,央行可基于货币政策对流动性风险的影响差异进行相机抉择;商业银行则要加强信贷规模和质量的管理,优化资产结构,通过弱化信贷渠道作用来降低货币政策对银行流动性风险的不良影响。     

Sovereign asset values and implications for the credit market

Using the contingent claim approach and market data on sovereign credit default swaps we assess the drivers of a country's risk perception. Deriving market-based asset values for a set of advanced economies we gain insights into the capital markets' perspectives on sovereign creditworthiness. We find the market-based asset values to be positively influenced by debt and to be an early risk indicator for economic developments. In a cross-section analysis we identify drivers of the economic risk of countries. Clustering the countries according to their debt to asset value ratios provides further insights into the market perceptions of sovereign credit risk. For example we find that the asset values of countries with higher ratios react to changes in the global equity market. Countries with a lower ratio react more to the political stability within the country.     

有效信贷需求不足与商业银行经营战略选择

近年来,我国商业银行面临有效信贷需求不足的经营困境,本文从金融系统风险配置角度对有效信贷需求不足的原因进行了分析,认为金融风险的非均衡配置及商业银行关系型信贷技术的缺失是出现有效信贷需求不足的重要原因。本文还相应提出了商业银行的经营战略选择,包括实施混业经营战略,努力提高银行信贷资金运用的主动性;将支持中小企业作为新的信贷增长点,稳步实施中小企业贷款战略;构建我国私人银行业务体系,积极开拓消费信贷市场等。     

关于国有商业银行信贷资产风险管理的战略思考

加强信贷资产的风险管理水平,提高资产质量,防范和化解不良资产是国有商业银行增强赢利能力、提高竞争力的重要手段,也是国有商业银行目前的首要任务.本文从经济金融全球化对国有商业银行信贷风险管理的影响出发,提出国有商业银行要树立正确的风险管理观念,并设计了国有商业银行信贷风险管理的若干原则、总体框架和战略步骤.为配合国有商业银行信贷资产风险管理战略的实施,作者还提出了以下改革举措,包括:调整信贷内部结构;再造信贷管理流程;创新不良资产处置方式;正确选择和安排财务策略;建立信息和法律支撑平台、激励和处罚体系及信贷风险文化等.     

Liquidity risk in derivatives valuation: an improved credit proxy method

The models used to calculate post-crisis valuation adjustments, market risk and capital measures for derivatives are subject to liquidity risk due to severe lack of available information to obtain market implied model parameters. The European Banking Authority has proposed an intersection methodology to calculate a proxy CDS or Bond spread. Due to practical issues of this method, Chourdakis et al. introduce a cross-section approach. In this paper, we extend the cross-section methodology using equity returns, and show that our methodology is significantly more accurate compared to both existing methodologies, and produces more reliable, stable and robust market risk and capital measures, and credit valuation adjustment.     

我国商业银行资本充足率与风险资产关系研究

资本充足率管理是商业银行风险管理的核心。本文构建了反映我国商业银行资本充足率和风险资产关系的模型,对我国商业银行资本充足率和风险资产之间的关系进行分析。结果发现:商业银行资本充足率的变化会引起资本结构的变化,从而对风险资产产生影响。风险资产的变化又会对资本充足率产生影响。商业银行资本充足率与风险资产这种相互影响的关系为商业银行风险资产管理提供了理论依据。     

What drives the systemic banking crises in advanced economies?

This paper examines the drivers of post-war “systemic” banking crises in advanced economies. Using binary response models and a balanced panel of data, we show that persistently large departures from the long-run trend in housing and stock markets best predict the crises. Similar deviations in credit markets do not add to the explanatory power of the model that combines housing and stock market dynamics. Indicators capturing financial market risk perception also have high explanatory power. These findings indicate that extrapolative forecasts and neglect of tail risk drive asset market boom-bust cycles and systemic banking crises. Cycles in credit markets are driven by cycles in real-estate and stock markets before the crises. Additionally, capital inflow bonanzas fuel the stock and credit booms that spark systemic crises.     

证券交易所一线监管与公司债务融资——基于财务报告问询函的证据

本文从债权人保护视角检验证券交易所一线监管对公司债务融资的影响.研究发现,上市公司收到财务报告问询函后新增银行借款和商业信用均减少,并且问询函所暴露出的问题越严重、公司信息环境或会计信息质量越差,新增银行借款和商业信用减少的幅度就越大.进一步研究发现,不同特征的财务报告问询函对债务融资的影响不同;财务报告问询函对公司债务融资的影响在民营企业和货币政策宽松的年度更明显.研究说明,证券交易所一线监管能够有效保护债权人的利益,维护资本市场的健康发展.     

Discrete versus continuous state switching models for portfolio credit risk

Dynamic models for credit rating transitions are important ingredients for dynamic credit risk analyses. We compare the properties of two such models that have recently been put forward. The models mainly differ in their treatment of systematic risk, which can be modeled either using discrete states (e.g., expansion versus recession) or continuous states. It turns out that the implied asset correlations and default rate volatilities for discrete state switching models are implausibly low compared to empirical estimates from the literature. We conclude that care has to be taken when discrete state regime switching models are employed for dynamic credit risk management. As a side result of our analysis, we obtain indirect evidence that asset correlations may change over the business cycle.     

The world ex ante risk premium: an empirical investigation

A number of recent papers have focused on testing the linearity restrictions implied by international asset pricing models. The tests, however, have not addressed an additional restriction implied by the models; namely, that the risk premium on the world portfolio is positive. This study provides a direct assessment of this restriction. The evidence indicates that the ex ante world market risk premium can be negative. The results are robust to market proxies that are hedged and unhedged with respect to currency risk. Subperiod analysis indicates that the rejection of the positive risk premium restriction is driven by the first half of the sample period.     

Credit Risk in Two Institutional Regimes: Spanish Commercial and Savings Banks

Although credit risk is an important factor that financial institutions must cope with, the determinants of bank problem loans have been little studied. Using panel data, we compare the determinants of problem loans of Spanish commercial and savings banks in the period 1985–1997, taking into account both macroeconomic and individual bank level variables. The GDP growth rate, firms, and family indebtedness, rapid past credit or branch expansion, inefficiency, portfolio composition, size, net interest margin, capital ratio, and market power are variables that explain credit risk. However, there are significant differences between commercial and savings banks, which confirm the relevance of the institutional form in the management of credit risk. Our findings raise important bank supervisory policy issues: the use of bank level variables as early warning indicators, the advantages of bank mergers from different regions, and the role of banking competition and ownership in determining credit risk.     

对担保机构担保项下中小企业信贷业务的风险管理

中小企业信贷业务在商业银行信贷资产业务中的地位越来越重要。发展中小企业信贷业务,是国有商业银行调整客户结构和资产结构,实施战略转型的重要方面。在实务操作过程中,相当部分的中小企业难以提供符合银行要求的抵(质)押物,不得不寻求专业担保机构的担保,借助担保机构的信用获得银行信贷支持。关于担保机构担保项下的中小企业信贷风险管理问题,也开始被重视。本文分析了担保机构的相关风险因素,并从担保机构相关风险的分析管理角度提出了针对上述担保贷款的风险管理对策。     

贸易融资资产的证券化分析

资产证券化是我国金融市场发展的重要方向之一,而贸易融资资产是商业银行的重要资产之一。在贸易额逐年增加的背景下,促进贸易融资资产的证券化不仅是商业银行进行风险管理的重要方式,也是推进我国资产证券化进程的有效途径。由于供应链融资思想的引入,目前的贸易融资过程与传统的贸易融资相比有了较大的变化。在我国资产证券化市场刚刚出现的背景之下,贸易融资资产的证券化需要解决原始资产的风险管理、证券化模式的选择、中介机构制度的创立、信用评级与增级和机构监管等一系列的制度问题。     

科学认识竞争力比较分析 努力提升中国银行业竞争力

在银行竞争力的比较研究中,采用不同的技术方法会导致结果迥异,因此银行竞争力比较应注意研究方法的局限性。实际上,国有商业银行在资产规模、抗风险能力、市场影响力、商誉及网络技术等方面的现实竞争力具有明显优势,但由于历史和体制原因,在公司治理、资本充足率、资产质量及安全、盈利能力等方面的竞争力处于相对劣势。随着国有商业银行的股份制改革,公司治理结构正在不断完善,国有商业银行的竞争力正在不断加强。科学认识银行竞争力,面对竞争,抓住机遇,加快改革,不断提升中国银行业的整体竞争力水平,将是对银行竞争力比较研究的最终归宿。     

工商银行信贷竞争力提升研究

信贷竞争力是衡量商业银行经营管理水平的核心内容之一,主要表现为在有效控制风险前提下的市场拓展能力.我国国有商业银行的信贷经营无论是在盈利能力、资产质量等显性竞争力指标方面,还是在组织流程、营销能力、风险控制等隐性竞争力指标方面,与国内其他股份制商业银行或国外商业银行相比仍有一定差距.据此,本课题提出我国国有商业银行应以科学发展观正确认识信贷竞争力现状,准确理解信贷竞争力的特质,科学把握信贷竞争力的基本点;将宏观与微观相结合,探索从信贷战略管理、市场营销、组织流程、风险管理、服务创新、文化建设等6个方面提升信贷竞争力的具体途径.