Child Marriage and Female Educational Attainment: A Complex Relationship

Atlantic Economic Journal -     

Educational Attainment: A Key Factor for Improving the Lagging Rate of Black Entrepreneurship

The difference between the percentage of blacks and whites who are self-employed in the United States is striking. In this paper, we focus on the role of educational achievement in explaining the gap between white and black entrepreneurship. Using data collected through the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED), we identified 1.061 white nascent entrepreneurs (NEs) and 270 black NEs and compared the two groups against each other as well as to white and black comparison groups of non-NEs. The results suggest that in order to improve the rate of black entrepreneurship, more focus is needed on improving black educational achievement.     

收入分配的度量与分解:一个对于研究方法的评介

本文评介了近年来在收入分配研究方法上的一些新的发展 ,比较了不同的收入分配度量方式的优劣。     

文化程度等人口特征对城镇居民收入及收入差别的影响——三论经济发展对收入分配的影响

人口特征是影响经济发展与居民收入分配的重要因素。限于篇幅本文仅考察了文化、年龄及性别与收入及分配差别的关系。首先以回归法和列表法考察了这些特征与居民收入水平的关系;然后以泰尔指数测度了这些人口特征对居民收入差别的影响程度。研究表明,这些特征是制约居民收入变动的重要因素,是影响收入分配判别及其变动的重要变量。这些影响是正常且适当的。唯有年龄与居民收入的关系需要调整：应当加大征收中年段居民的社会保险费,充实社会养老金。     

财政投入教育的周期与经济增长因应:一个文献综述

教育财政投入与经济发展的关系成为学界关注的焦点。在相关研究中,学者们认为:政府对教育财政投入的增长,促进了经济的发展,经济的发展也促进了教育的发展,但教育投入与经济发展不是线性关系,教育投入的收益预期具有长期性,应处理好教育投入与直接经济投入的关系;教育具有公益性,政府应加大财政投入力度,注意教育公平;政府加大教育投资对人文环境和城市形象的改善具有重要影响,这对于促进经济转型也具有重要的意义。     

农户收入差距微观原因分析:山西的经验证据

本文基于山西农村876户的微观数据集,使用非参数回归对影响农户收入差距的原因加以分析,经验研究的结果发现：1．教育体现出的人力资本是拉大农户收入差距的主要原因：2．物质资本对于减小农户收入的差距有显著影响,土地对于农户收入差距没有显著影响;3．相比较低收入组农户,中等收入农户教育回报高出4．08％,高收入农户教育回报高出6．28％,相反,物质资本回报上,则是中等收入组和高收入组农户分别比低收入组要低5．8％和9．9％。     

我国教育发展对收入差距影响的实证分析

教育对收入差距的影响在理论上是不确定的,实证分析上也未达成一致的结论。本文利用中国1995—2002年间的教育和收入分配数据进行实证分析,发现目前中国教育的拓展是居民收入差距拉大的重要原因,教育拓展随着教育年限的延长起了扩大收入差距的作用,教育分布的平等化并没有改变这一趋势,这与传统的理论和前人的研究不同。     

收入分配与中国居民消费——理论和基于中国的实证研究

本文研究了城乡收入差距扩大对中国居民消费需求的影响.基于生命周期框架的理论研究表明,收入水平越高,居民平均消费倾向和边际消费倾向越低;收入差距越大,居民消费需求越低.文章使用1978—2008年我国28个省、市、自治区的面板数据对理论模型进行了实证检验.结果显示,收入水平提高10000元,居民平均消费倾向下降25.6%,边际消费倾向下降7%;城乡收入差距扩大1单位,居民消费率下降6.5个百分点.数值模拟结果表明,城乡收入差距扩大导致居民消费率在2000—2008年间下降了3.42个百分点,解释了这一期间居民消费率下降的30.8%     

Markov-Switching Model of Family Income Quintile Shares

Atlantic Economic Journal - This paper examines the impact of unemployment and inflation on family income shares. Unemployment and inflation are decomposed into their structural (long-term),...     

Racial Differences in Civic Participation and Charitable Giving: The Confounding Effects of Educational Attainment and Unmeasured Ability

In this paper we use human capital theory to follow the links from educational attainment to civic engagement, and to other pro-social behaviors such as charitable giving and volunteering, and in so doing we offer a cautionary explanation for observed racial differences in civic participation, giving, and volunteering. Our argument is that when, in a racialized society such as the U.S., the costs and benefits of education differ by race, and when innate ability is an unmeasured source of heterogeneity across individuals, controlling for educational attainment and not for ability will create spurious race effects in empirical studies of behaviors that depend on both education and ability. Because (1) blacks at any level of educational attainment are predicted to be of higher average ability than equally educated whites and (2) higher ability is associated with higher levels of civic participation, a regression of civic participation on educational attainment and race will produce a positive coefficient on the dummy variable that takes on a value of one if the subject is African American. Using data from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, we find strong support for the interpretation of race effects as spurious artifacts of having included data on educational attainment without measures of innate ability.     

Income Inequality,Human Capital,and Income Growth: Evidence from a State-Level VAR Analysis

We use Granger causality and impulse response analysis to examine the relationship between income inequality, human capital attainment, and income growth using annual state-level data over the period 1929–2000. We find consistent evidence that the income share of the top decile Granger-causes income growth, but only weak evidence that income growth Granger-causes the top decile income share. Moreover, an impulse response analysis indicates that income growth responds negatively to permanent changes in the income share of the top decile. These findings appear to have important regional variations, however, with the more densely populated Eastern states showing the strongest associations. We also find evidence that years of schooling may Granger-cause income levels, but little evidence that years of schooling Granger-causes the top decile income share.

Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Investigation

This paper empirically investigates the effect of income inequality on economic growth using extended panel data covering a broad range of developing and developed countries. We use system generalized method of moments (GMM) techniques in a dynamic panel analysis, which alleviates the possible positive bias in difference GMM due to the persistence of lagged dependent variables as instruments. We find strong evidence of a negative effect on growth from income inequality, which contradicts the findings of Forbes [2000, September. A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth, American Economic Review, 90(4), pp. 869–887] and Li and Zou [1998, October. Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence, Review of Development Economics, 2(3), pp. 318–34]. Further analyses using combined Gini coefficients show that the difference can be overall attributed to the problem of omitted control variables and the differences in how the variations in inequality across countries are reflected. We also find that the negative effects of inequality on economic growth can be of great significance when using a sample of less developed countries or more recent inequality data set.     

心智账户理论综述:实证、因素与应用

作为行为金融学的基础理论之一,Thaler提出的心智账户是强调人们心理上对决策结果进行记账、编码、估价和预算的行为过程,且心智账户的损益核算遵循前景理论的价值函数特征。与传统金融学的财富可替代性假设相悖,心智账户给出了传统理论无法解释的众多市场非理性行为的深刻洞见。基于对心智账户理论的提出、特征、影响因素、理论应用等方面最新文献的梳理,本文综述认为:心智账户理论的未来发展,必须致力于构建其神经元理论基础,同时扩展动态参照点的研究方法;最后,建立具有中国社会文化特征的居民心智账户及其理论体系。     

我国对外开放与收入差距:基于地区和行业的考察

随着我国对外开放程度的加深,地区和行业之间的收入差距拉大问题日益凸显。对外和开放和收入差距是否存在某种因果关系,以及它们之间的作用机制是本文的主题。研究表明:对外开放与地区和行业收入差距存在单向格兰杰因果关系,前者在提高各地区各行业平均收入的同时,由于其影响的强度差异而相对地拉大了我国地区和行业之间的收入差距。