Piracy of digital products: A critical review of the theoretical literature

Digital products can be copied at almost no cost and are subject to non-commercial copying by final consumers. Because the copy of a copy typically does not deteriorate in quality, copies can become available on a large scale basis – this can be illustrated by the surge of file-sharing networks. In this paper we provide a critical overview of the theoretical literature that addresses the economic consequences of end-user copying. We analyze basic models of piracy, models with indirect appropriation, models with network effects, and models with asymmetric information. We discuss the applicability of the different modeling strategies to a number of industries such as software, video and computer games, music, and movies.     

沿海地区金融空间关联的经济效应研究——以山东省为例

金融作为经济增长核心助推器,对其空间集聚与扩散的经济效应准确识别,是沿海地区发展蓝色经济的关键所在。本文以山东省为例,通过建立金融发展空间关联网络识别区域的金融空间关联关系,基于此设计金融关联空间权重矩阵,对金融空间关联的经济效应进行检验。结果表明：山东省城市间金融发展具有稳健的空间关联性;区域金融发展水平同区域经济发展之间存在显著正向促进效应,金融发展能有效拉动本区域经济状况,对周边区域经济正向拉动效应相对微弱。建议从加快推进区域一体化进程,加强城际间金融交流合作,鼓励金融创新发展等方面充分发挥金融发展正向溢出效应,拉动沿海地区蓝色经济向好发展。     

Bring-Your-Own-Device: Turning Cell Phones into Forces for Good

Over the last few years, classroom response systems (or “clickers”) have become increasingly common. Although most systems require students to use a standalone handheld device, bring-your-own-device (BYOD) systems allow students to use devices they already own (e.g., a cell phone, tablet or laptop) to submit responses via text message or through a Web browser. In this article, the author discusses the benefits and costs specific to using a bring-your-own-device system and compares these systems to traditional handheld clickers. She particularly focuses on the issues associated with allowing the use of cell phones and laptops in the classroom and offers some advice based on her own experience with a bring-your-own-device system.     

创新价值链及其结构:一个理论框架

中国正值经济转型升级关键时期,创新是经济向高质量发展阶段转换的重要驱动力。现实中,不同企业的创新难度和创新效率存在巨大差异,探寻差异根源有助于企业选择合适的创新发展模式。重构创新价值链定义,将其细分为3个模块,并进一步划分为短链、中链、长链结构,以此构建理论模型。研究发现：长链结构创新难度最大,具有知识优势、投资劣势,短链结构相反,中链结构介于两者之间;创新活动具有高风险、高投入、高产出等特征,创新效率高的企业更适合采用较长的价值链结构;企业在体系化能力和企业家决策共同作用下,形成了通用性创新模式和差异性创新成长路径。     

数字金融对经济高质量发展的影响 ——基于空间杜宾模型的研究

数字金融是促进中国经济高质量发展的重要力量。基于2011—- 2018年中国30个省份的面板数据,利用空间杜宾模型实证检验数字金融对中国经济高质量发展的影响及其空间溢出效应,并考察不同地区、数字金融结构以及城镇化率影响的异质性。研究表明数字金融能够显著促进本地区经济高质量发展,但对邻近地区的溢出效应有限,该结论在考虑内生性及稳健性检验之后仍然成立。异质性分析中,数字金融发展对东中西部地区经济高质量发展均存在显著促进作用,但对西部地区的影响更大;且仅在东西地区表现出正向空间溢出效应。数字金融覆盖广度和使用深度对本地区经济高质量发展均存在显著促进作用,而其数字化程度却产生明显抑制效应;仅数字金融覆盖广度对邻近地区经济高质量发展具有正向溢出影响。高城镇化率地区的数字金融发展有助于本地区经济高质量发展,但在低城镇化率地区的作用不明显,且均不存在显著的空间溢出效应。应强化数字金融监管,促进数字金融在东中西部地区协调发展,加快地区经济圈与城镇化建设,强化数字金融在省际之间的溢出效应。     

技术扩散能否成为区域创新效率提升的新动能——研发要素流动视角

基于研发要素流动视角,利用我国内地30个省市2002-2017年面板统计数据,通过空间杜宾模型和面板门槛回归模型,对技术扩散影响区域创新效率提升情况进行探究。研究结果发现：我国区域创新效率呈现波动收敛态势,其中,东部创新效率最高,中西部创新效率次之,且两者交替上探下潜;技术扩散能够驱动区域创新效率提升,其中,本土技术扩散表现出显著的边际递减驱动力,而国际技术扩散呈现出不显著的边际递增驱动力;技术扩散能够引发研发要素流动,其中,研发资本流动能够积极改善区域创新效率,而研发人员流动表现出抑制作用。     

技术扩散能否成为区域创新效率提升的新动能——研发要素流动视角

基于研发要素流动视角，利用我国内地30个省市2002-2017年面板统计数据，通过空间杜宾模型和面板门槛回归模型，对技术扩散影响区域创新效率提升情况进行探究。研究结果发现：我国区域创新效率呈现波动收敛态势，其中，东部创新效率最高，中西部创新效率次之，且两者交替上探下潜；技术扩散能够驱动区域创新效率提升，其中，本土技术扩散表现出显著的边际递减驱动力，而国际技术扩散呈现出不显著的边际递增驱动力；技术扩散能够引发研发要素流动，其中，研发资本流动能够积极改善区域创新效率，而研发人员流动表现出抑制作用。     

区域公共卫生服务收敛性研究——基于动态空间面板模型的实证分析

本文在现有财政支出收敛理论和经济增长空间收敛模型基础上,构建了公共卫生服务动态空间收敛理论模型,并采用动态空间面板收敛模型对1997-2006年中国大陆30个省、市、自治区公共卫生服务收敛情况进行了实证检验,结果发现:地区间公共卫生服务并不存在绝对收敛,但是存在条件收敛,差距有所缩小。财政收入的提高、居民收入水平的提高和中央政府转移支付的增加分别从供给、需求和收入效应的角度提高了地区公共卫生服务供给水平。但是,地区间公共卫生服务供给存在显著的空间负效应,降低了地区间公共卫生服务收敛速度,省级政府间未形成趋好竞争,反倒形成了逐底竞争。     

The Recent Critique of Theoretical Economics: A Methodologically Informed Investigation

My purpose is to appraise the recent critique of theoretical economics by applying the methodological perspective. Therefore, I start by identifying the main lines of criticism raised against theoretical economics in the aftermath of the post-2008 global economic crisis: namely, the voices criticizing economics for its unrealistic models, excessive mathematization, and overconfidence in its theoretical claims. First, I show that these issues are interconnected and should be jointly analyzed. Next, I investigate these lines of critique from the perspective provided by the latest achievements in the philosophy of economics (e.g., studies on the epistemic role of economic models). Taking this perspective reinforces some allegations against economics (e.g., these voices accusing economists of treating economic laws as universal laws of nature) and makes some criticisms more nuanced (e.g., the issue of unrealistic assumptions). I conclude by stating that such a methodological perspective is necessary in critically apprising the recent critique of economics.     

创新要素集聚、政府支持与科技创新效率——基于省域数据的空间面板计量分析

本文运用空间面板计量方法研究了创新要素集聚、政府支持与科技创新效率之间的关系。实证研究的结果表明:我国科技创新效率具有明显的空间相关性。创新要素集聚对于科研机构创新效率具有负影响,对于高校的影响不显著,而对于企业的影响为正。政府支持对于科研机构和高校创新效率的影响具有不确定性,而对于企业具有负影响。制度因素对于科研机构和高校创新效率没有明显影响,而对于企业具有明显的正影响。人力资本对于高校和企业创新效率具有正影响。FDI因素对于企业创新效率具有正的外溢效应。因此,政府需要通过对人力资本的知识和健康投资,提高人力资本的质量,才能实现更快的创新产出和经济增长。     

关系营销成为营销通用理论的关键：认识论与方法论的更新

本文简要介绍了当前关系营销理论的发展现状,主要从认识论与方法论的角度就关系营销难以形成营销通用理论的原因进行了分析,并就今后关系营销理论如何基于系统论和协同论构建有别于传统营销的理论体系提出了自己的一些看法。     

促进、加速与溢出：数字经济发展对区域创新绩效的影响

在系统揭示数字经济对区域创新绩效的促进作用、边际递增的非线性影响和空间溢出机制的基础上,基于2013—2018年我国省级面板数据,构建区域数字经济发展评价指标体系,运用面板固定效应模型、门槛回归和空间杜宾回归分析方法,实证检验数字经济对区域创新绩效的影响。研究结果表明：数字经济发展显著促进区域创新绩效提升;数字经济发展对区域创新绩效、发明创新绩效均有边际效应递增的非线性影响;数字经济发展对邻近地区的创新绩效和非发明创新绩效有显著负向影响,但对发明创新绩效影响不显著。据此,提出相应政策建议。     

Linear contracts as incentives: a puzzle

This paper reexamines the linear schedule of compensation as a tool for providing incentives to managers when contractible output is a function of costly effort and a random shock. Two puzzling situations compatible with linear schemes of compensation are presented. First, if the model parameters are such that the optimal participation on output is below 50%, the variable compensation turns out to have a negative effect on manager’s utility. Second, if it is below 25%, linear incentives allow situations in which larger utilities are reached by means of smaller rewards.      

An optimal auction for capacity constrained bidders: a network perspective

This paper examines the problem of a seller with limited supply selling to a group of agents whose private information is two-dimensional. Each agent has a constant marginal value for the good up to some capacity, thereafter it is zero. Both the marginal value and the capacity are private information. We describe the revenue maximizing Bayesian incentive compatible auction for this environment. A novel feature of the analysis is an interpretation of an optimal auction design problem in terms of a linear program that is an instance of a parametric shortest path problem on a lattice. We thank the referees for a number of useful suggestions that have been incorporated into the paper. Mallesh Pai suggested the argument given in Lemma 1. The research was supported in part by the NSF grant ITR IIS-0121678.     

数字经济发展提升了区域创新能力吗——基于长江经济带的空间计量分析

基于长江经济带11省市2008—2018年面板数据,测度省域数字经济发展水平,并使用空间杜宾模型实证探究数字经济发展对区域创新能力的影响。结果发现：数字经济发展水平是影响区域创新能力的重要因素,对本省域技术创新、产品创新均有促进作用,而在部分矩阵下对省际创新发展有负向溢出效应;经济发展水平、科研经费投入、人才投入与外商投资均对区域创新产生一定影响。为此,建议加强区域技术联系与资源共享,打破数字经济在区域间创新发展壁垒,优化资源配置,实施创新资源精准投入,推动新型基础设施建设,提升数字经济应用水平,以进一步提高区域创新能力。     

产业结构服务化对人力资本集聚的空间溢出效应——以对北京、上海、广东的SpVAR分析为例

在新经济地理学经典分析框架下建立理论模型,通过数理经济分析方法,讨论发达地区产业结构服务化对周边地区人力资本集聚产生的影响。采用空间向量自回归（SpVAR）模型,结合各地区就业人员平均工资数据验证理论假说,发现北京产业结构服务化对天津、上海对江苏和浙江、广东对福建的人力资本集聚影响,主要表现为负向的空间溢出效应,即虹吸效应,地区间收入水平接近;北京产业结构服务化对河北、内蒙古、山西、河南、辽宁,上海对除江苏、浙江以外的长江经济带7省1市,广东对江西、贵州、湖南的人力资本集聚作用,主要表现为正向的空间溢出效应,即示范效应,地区间收入水平存在差距。根据数理经济分析与实证分析结果,提出以示范效应带动周边地区人力资本集聚,改善虹吸效应对周边地区人力资本集聚的不利影响,发挥政府、企业、行业组织等多方主体在人力资本建设中的作用等意见建议,以期实现人力资本的合理集聚,在产业结构服务化的过程中有效提升人力资本。     

Diversification into Emerging Markets – An Australian and the US Perspective Using a Time‐varying Approach

Over the past two decades, a number of studies have examined the benefits of diversifying equity investments internationally, particularly into emerging markets. In the portfolio construction process, many researchers have criticised Markowitz's Portfolio Theory because of its inherent assumptions such as symmetric and constant correlations. In this study, we use a conditional copula model to estimate the time‐varying asymmetric correlations of stock markets and construct optimal portfolios by using estimated correlations. We find that optimised portfolios provide significant benefits for both Australian and the US investors. Out‐of‐sample results show Copula model provides results closer to the in‐sample‐estimated benefits of diversification. The results have important implications for portfolio managers who seek to diversify into emerging markets.     

资本结构与公司价值:理论综述

起源于20世纪50年代的资本结构与公司价值理论研究,经过经济理论工作者半个世纪的努力,其研究深度与研究范围都有了很大的拓展.从莫迪利亚尼和米勒的MM理论开始,虽然并没有得出一个逻辑一致的结论,但所有成果都支持现实经济中资本结构与公司价值密切相关,并且,在引入了不对称信息、代理成本等概念之后,新资本结构理论的研究结论更加接近现实.     

Participatory Economic Research: Benefits and Challenges of Incorporating Participatory Research into Social Economics

Participatory action research (PAR) and community-based participatory research (CBPR) involve traditional subjects of research in the co-creation of research design, data collection, and analysis. PAR has been used in the fields of public health, education, and geography. A case study of a local economy CBPR project will be discussed. The increasing use of field and behavioral experiments in economics together with recent critiques of the ethical commitments of economic policy raises important questions about the role of expert knowledge, indigenous knowledge, and the relationships of power and privilege involved in mainstream academic research. The applicability of the PAR method for economics will be investigated in light of the epistemological and ethical commitments of social economics.     

Spatial income and public capital: a case of a Spanish region

The objective of this paper is to analyse major determinants of disposable per capita income at a local municipality level for a territory of Spain: the Valencian region. A cross-sectional spatial study for an averaged period (2010–2013) will allow us to control for intraregional correlation, paying special attention to the role of real public investment and its possible effects on disposable personal income. A reference framework for economic and social policymakers will be provided by the specification of the model.