三峡库区(重庆段)森林水土保持服务功能价值研究

以三峡库区重庆段为研究对象,采用机会成本法、影子工程法、替代工程费用法等研究方法,核算了三峡库区重庆段的森林水土保持服务功能价值。森林生态系统服务功能中的水土保持服务功能研究结果表明:三峡库区重庆段森林水土保持服务功能总价值为14.802亿元/a,其中减少土地损失的价值为203万元/a、减轻泥沙淤积的价值为1196万元/a、土壤肥力保持价值为14.662亿元/a。为正确的核算三峡库区绿色GDP提供一定的借鉴意义。     

宝天高速公路天水段永久性征地与临时性用地所造成生态系统服务价值损失评估

据估算,宝天高速公路建设过程中永久性征地和临时性用地所造成的生态系统服务价值的损失分别为249.34万元/a和190.45万元/a;修路过程中造成小陇山林区森林生态系统服务价值的损失分别为109.74万元/a和127.72万元/a,分别占小陇山林区森林生态系统服务价值的0.0105%和0.0122%,四大林场森林生态系统服务价值总和的0.0455%和0.0530%。由于修路过程中所造成的森林生态系统服务价值的损失很小,所以不会对小陇山林区及四大林场的森林生态系统的生态服务功能造成很大影响。     

峡江县森林涵养水源和保育土壤价值核算

以最新发布的《中国森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》为依据,根据2009年峡江县二类森林资源调查资料,对峡江县森林生态系统的涵养水源(调节水量、净化水质)、保育土壤(固土、保肥)等生态服务功能价值进行初步核算,核算结果,峡江县森林生态系统涵养水源价值为30.55亿元/a,保育土壤价值为872.64万元/a。     

上海九段沙湿地国家级自然保护区生态系统服务价值评估

上海九段沙湿地国家级自然保护区是长江口受到人类干扰最少、生态系统相对处于原生状态的湿地,在分析九段沙湿地生态系统特征和服务基础上,构建了生态系统服务价值评估指标体系,利用上海市第二次湿地资源调查(2011—2013年)成果及其他数据资料,应用市场价值法、影子工程法、成果参数法等方法,评估了九段沙湿地生态系统服务价值,结果表明,九段沙湿地自然保护区生态系统服务总价值约409 638.92万元,单位面积价值为10.04万元/(hm~2·a),供水蓄水、大气净化、防风消浪等调节服务价值最高,分别占总服务价值的28.9%、25.9%、21.8%,对长江口海域资源环境及生物多样性保护等具有重要调节功能。     

土地整治生态系统服务价值变化研究——以霍城县北山沟灌区萨尔布拉克镇土地整治项目为例

文章以伊犁河谷区霍城县北山沟灌区萨尔布拉克镇土地整治项目为例,从土地整治活动引起的土地利用变化入手,采用生态系统服务价值法和敏感性分析法将土地整治引起的生态系统价值变化进行定量化分析。研究结果显示:案例研究区域土地整治后由耕地和农田基础设施用地增加引起的生态系统服务价值的增加量为528.84万元/年,而由其他草地和裸地面积减少带来的生态系统服务价值的减少量为380.23万元/年,二者相抵后,案例区由土地整治引起生态系统服务价值增加了148.62万元/年。土地整治前后土地利用类型的变化,导致研究区各土地类型的ESV和各单项生态服务价值均有发生变化。     

井冈山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值测度

应用生态学和生态经济学原理及方法对井冈山国家级自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评价。结果表明:井冈山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统每年生态服务功能总价值为11.2998亿元/a,其中直接经济价值和间接经济价值分别为0.8952亿元/a和10.4047亿元/a,间接经济价值是直接经济价值的11.62倍。     

森林生态系统服务功能对经济社会的贡献研究——以广西西江经济带为例

依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008)对西江经济带进行森林生态系统服务功能评估,得出2015年西江经济带森林提供的服务功能价值平均为7. 8万元/hm2,森林生态系统服务功能的总价值为5 103. 7亿元,对该区域的国民经济贡献巨大,并对区域的生态安全和工农业发展起到了重要支撑作用。     

山西屏峰山景观资源旅游价值评估研究

文章以山西屏峰山景区为研究对象,通过问卷调查,采用条件估值法(CVM)对山西省屏峰山景区景观资源的旅游价值进行了评估研究。结果表明,通过参数法和非参数法计算,得到景区门票的最大支付意愿(WTP)均值为90.81元/人,观光车票的WTP均值为48.58元/人,其他各类游憩活动的WTP均值为37.73～100.16元/人不等。结合屏峰山景区2020年后逐年预估游客量,计算得到屏峰山景区开放初始年(2020年)的旅游价值总量为5538.20万元,2030年的旅游价值总量为46831.03万元～70033.33万元。     

吉林省湿地生态系统服务价值评估

为科学评估吉林省湿地生态系统最终服务价值,在遥感调查和实地调查的基础上,综合运用生态经济学方法,针对吉林省湿地特点建立吉林省湿地生态系统服务价值指标体系和方法体系,以小班为单位估算吉林省湿地生态系统服务价值。结果显示,吉林省湿地生态系统服务总价值为2 161.93亿元,湿地提供的平均价值为12.71万元/hm~2,其中供给服务功能的价值为436.46亿元,占总价值的20.19%,调节服务功能价值为1 116.64亿元,占总价值的51.65%,支持服务功能价值为417.64亿元,占总价值的19.32%,文化服务功能价值为191.19亿元,占总价值的8.84%,反映出吉林省湿地在发挥直接经济效益的同时,还兼具巨大的生态效益和社会效益。     

基于LUCC的庐江县生态系统服务功能价值变化

计算得到2013年安徽省单位面积生态系统服务功能价值表,估算2009~2013年庐江县土地生态系统服务价值,并分析土地利用/覆被变化对其生态服务价值的影响。研究表明:(1)土地利用/土地覆被变化主要表现为除耕地以外的非建设用地的减少,而建设占用是这种减少的最主要原因,尤以2012年度为甚。(2)生态系统服务总价值逐年递减,总减少量约为5490万元,年均减少约1373万元。其下降主因是水域、湿地、林地的减少。(3)生态系统服务功能价值主要集中在水域、耕地和林地之中。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.