The EU's evolving stance on the international dimension of competition policy: A critical commentary

In recent years there has been a rapid increase in both the numbers and the value of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. As more and more competition cases fall within the jurisdiction of two or more competition authorities, the possibility of divergent and unpredictab]le outcomes increases. This article explores the response of the European Union to international competition concerns that impact on its, jurisdiction.     

Internationalization of the video industry: Unresolved policy and regulatory issues

The development of new technologies and the resulting restructuring of the international entertainment industry have accentuated the uniqueness of some mass media products, in particular film and television products. While the recently approved GATT agreement still lumps most forms of video products together as standard goods, the growing intangible/service aspect and the heightened concern for the cultural influence of video products call for nonstandard treatment. This article explores the industry's unique features and discusses characteristics that may justify a proposal for a specific sector agreement under GATT. The central question is whether video should be considered part of the larger mass media industry that includes cable, VCR, printed products/services, broadcasting and film. The authors call for the adoption of a real value perspective, whereby video products can be both goods and services, and explain the international trade implications of such a perspective.     

E‐commerce: consumer protection issues and implications for research and education

The impact of e‐commerce on consumers, public policy, business and education is examined. It behoves academics and students alike to keep abreast of new developments in this field and to contribute to the public debate on the widespread effects of e‐commerce. A discussion of public policy initiatives, research questions and ideas for future research are given.     

Creating a high‐skills society during recession: issues for policy makers

The present study looks at the skill formation policies adopted by policy makers in Greece in order to create a high‐skills society. It examines empirically the demand side of the skill creation process within 300 small enterprises in order to understand how far supply‐side measures have influenced the demand for well‐trained staff within small businesses. The article draws on empirical data from 650 interviews with workers and small firm owners that explored owner demand for higher level skills and training. The study questions the effectiveness of the measures put forward by policy makers in order to encourage an up‐skilling strategy in the country. The analysis reveals that this policy agenda has been supported predominantly by various skills supply‐side initiatives including investments in higher education and subsidized accredited company training. Yet the empirical evidence indicates that such initiatives have not so far influenced owner demand for higher level skills and training, suggesting a new agenda for policy intervention may be necessary. The study provides valuable lessons for policy makers across the advanced capitalist world on the development of a high‐skills society.     

Convergence and divergence in consumer behavior: implications for international retailing

Converging technology and disappearing income differences across countries will not lead to homogenization of consumer behavior. Rather, consumer behavior will become more heterogeneous because of cultural differences. As consumer incomes converge across countries, the manifestation of value differences will become stronger. This phenomenon makes it increasingly important to understand values of national cultures and their impact on consumer behavior. Retailing strategies for one country cannot be extended to other countries without adaptation. Hofstede’s model of national culture is applied to understand differences in consumer behavior across countries. Examples are provided of consumption differences, their relationships with culture discussed, and selected implications for international retailing management detailed.     

Practically wise ethical decision‐making: An ethnographic application to the UNE‐Millicom merger

Integrated approaches in the ethical decision‐making (EDM) and practically wise decision‐making literature are emerging as alternative perspectives to management theories that conceptualize decision‐making in a rationalist and value‐free manner. However, more dialogue between both perspectives and qualitative research that applies them is required. In addition, there is a need for empirical analysis on business engagement in the face of grand challenges in developing countries. This paper proposes an integrated practically wise EDM framework to study how Colombian councilors who, in 2013, voted for or against the merger between the Colombian state‐owned company UNE and the Swedish multinational Millicom interpret this decision and its public impact. Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a voluntary sample of 18 of 21 councilors. Supporters of the UNE‐Millicom merger expressed open‐mindedness, seeing the merger as a means to achieve justice. On the contrary, the merger’s opponents expressed circumspection, doubting that Millicom’s intentions really leaned toward justice. We conclude that practical wisdom—embodied by both supporters and detractors—fosters an understanding of EDM beyond what leaders should not do. It also includes a democratic and balanced deliberation on what leaders think they should do to promote the common good.     

The role of consumers in product‐oriented environmental policy: can the consumer be the driving force for environmental improvements?

In environmental policy, it is increasingly accepted that more emphasis should be placed on consumption and its implications from the point of view of the environment. Another relatively new feature is the focus on products. At the policy level, this perspective is known as product‐oriented environmental policy or, in brief, product policy. This approach is closely related to the idea of product chain thinking, which means recognizing the fact that environmentally relevant decisions are made at all stages during the products’ life cycle, from raw material extraction to consumption and beyond. Based on a Finnish study on product chain actors and environmental improvements, this article discusses the role of consumers in product policy (i) with respect to theories on consumer mecision‐making and (ii) in the light of product chain thinking. As consumers’ decision‐making models with respect to consumer products are most often based on heuristics simplifying the decision process, incorporating environmental considerations into these models is a challenging task for environmental policy.     

On market mavens and consumer self‐confidence: A cross‐cultural study

Market mavens are attentive to media and important diffusers of marketplace information. This study examines the relationships between cultural individualism, general and consumer self‐confidence, and market mavenism in the context of two distinct cultural systems, the United States and South Korea. The examination of cross‐cultural equivalence of the constructs under study provides evidence for both configural and full or partial metric invariance. The results indicate that cultural individualism is positively related to general self‐confidence, general self‐confidence is positively related to consumer selfconfidence, and consumer self‐confidence is positively related to market mavenism. Additionally, this research shows that these relationships hold in both the U.S. and South Korean samples. The results of this study indicate that market mavenism, and thus levels of confidence about marketplace knowledge and speed of diffusion of such information may be more prevalent among the more individualistic than collectivistic consumers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Quality‐of‐life as chronotopefication and futurization: Subsistence consumer experiences in India

In the poverty‐ridden settings in neo‐liberal India, we explore how subsistence consumers construct their quality‐of‐life (QOL). Drawing on the concepts of chronotope and futurization, we posit two additional dimensions of subsistence consumers' construction of QOL namely, chronotopefication and futurization. Our findings suggest that chronotopefication and futurization are defining processes of subsistence consumers' construction of QOL perceptions; their sacrifices, efforts, and costs, however painful they may be, would be perceived as QOL enhancing from the prism of chronotopefication and futurization; and subsistence consumers chronotopize and futurize QOL for the whole extended household within the intergenerational temporal space by focusing on stable input–outcome pathways. Based on the evidence, we propose QOL as chronotopefication and futurization framework (QOL‐CFF). The framework suggests that subsistence consumers construct QOL as chronotope building, futurized and having a symbolic effect. They consider current agonies as a foundation for future building.     

Consumer policy and consumer empowerment: comparing the historic development in Finland and Germany

This article traces the trajectories of consumer policy in Finland and Germany in the light of a comparative history in order to reflect upon the notion of consumer empowerment in public policy. The principle developments of contemporary consumer policy can be traced back to the post‐war political and economic integrations arising from the initial idea of free markets and individual freedom emphasized in classical liberalism. The article explores this development in Finland and Germany to the point of the establishment of a joint European Union (EU) consumer policy to reveal the notion of consumer empowerment. This approach creates an understanding of the peculiarities of consumer policy in EU member states despite the presence of a joint European policy area. Nowadays, both Finnish and German consumers find EU regulations excessive. It is important to acknowledge the influence of this historic development in order to understand what consumer empowerment meant in the past and thus to further develop policy action on a joint level.     

Construction of consumer choice in the market: challenges for environmental policy

Drawing from the literature on the analytics of government, the paper discusses marketing as a form of government, elaborating and illustrating the many ways in which consumer choice is shaped, modified and directed in the market through practices and techniques of consumer marketing. The aim is to critically reflect upon and render problematic the individualistic ideas of the green consumer as a powerful market force and to provoke discussion on the conceptualization – and construction – of consumer subjectivity and social problems in marketing. Taking examples particularly from the fashion and clothing industry, the paper discusses the ways in which marketing activities come to shape consumer conduct by operating through the choice of individuals who freely pursue their needs and desires, and by working on the environment within which this freedom of choice is exercised. The paper contributes to the literature on green consumerism by systematically interrogating and elaborating on the modes and practices of marketing thought and expertise through which consumers and consumption are rendered intelligible and actionable in the market.     

Energy information for consumer decisions: Public policy and life cycle costing

Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is very applicable as a means of achieving the objectives of recent energy information policies in the U. S. and Canada. In fact, the LCC format of information disclosure appears to have a number of advantages over the energy labeling formats these countries have implemented. Its major advantage is that it presents several dimensions of product cost in a manner that suits the complex, multi-attribute decision making associated with consumers' durable purchases. The future of LCC as a tool for consumer information provision lies in behavioral research into the actual impact of LCC information on consumer purchase processes, particularly choice. Several technical issues must also be resolved.

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Energieinformationen für Konsumentenentscheidungen: Die Angabe von Lebensdauer-Gesamtkosten

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag behandelt als neue Form umfassender Preisinformationen die Angabe der gesamten Kosten, die während der Lebensdauer eines Produktes anfallen. Dabei ist die Lebensdauer eines Produktes definiert als seine Lebenserwartung, die sich aus bisherigen Erfahrungen, aus Angaben der Hersteller sowie aus Produkttests ergibt. Im wesentlichen setzen sich die Lebensdauer-Gesamtkosten aus dem Preis für die Anschaffung, den Energiekosten und der Servicekosten zusammen.Der Beitrag beschreibt zunächst zwei amerikanische und ein kanadisches Beispiel für Informationsprogramme mit Lebensdauergesamtkosten-Angaben. Die verbraucherpolitischen Ziele, die mit solchen Programmen verfolgt werden können, sind (a) die Erhöhung der Akzeptanz solcher Informationen durch die Verbraucher, (b) das Vertrautmachen der Verbraucher mit der Bedeutung von Energie- (und anderen Unterhalts-)Kosten, (c) die Gewöhnung der Verbraucher an Produktvergleiche unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Energieverbrauches und (d) die Ermutigung der Hersteller, Verbrauchern energierelevante Informationen zur Verfügung zu stellen.Anschließend wird ein Überblick über die bisherigen empirischen Befunde zu der Frage gegeben, welche Rolle der Energieverbrauch für die Entscheidungen der Konsumenten spielt. Dabei zeigt sich u. a., daß die Angabe von Lebensdauer-Gesamtkosten auf kognitivem Niveau die Kenntnis über Energieverbrauch und die Wahrnehmung von Energiekosten verbessert und — allerdings in schwächerem Ausmaße — auch auf dem Verhaltensniveau in erwünschter Richtung wirksam wird.Der Beitrag gibt dann eine Berechnung jener Energieeinsparungen, die dann möglich wären, wenn die jeweils günstigste Gerätevariante gekauft würde. Tabelle 1 zeigt, daß diese fiktive Einsparung bei 3 bis 6% läge, wenn als Kriterium für die Günstigkeit des Einkaufs die Lebensdauer-Gesamtkosten herangezogen werden, und daß sie bei 3 bis 10% läge, wenn lediglich der Energieverbrauch als Kriterium herangezogen würde. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Vermutung, daß die Angabe von Lebensdauer-Gesamtkosten auch von der Darbietungsform her geeignet ist, die Wirkung von Energieinformationen auf das Kaufverhalten zu vergrößern.

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R. Bruce Hutton is an Associate Professor at the College of Business Administration, University of Denver, University Park, Denver, Colorado 80208, U. S. A. C. Dennis Anderson is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Administrative Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.     

Analysis of a merger from a governance perspective: the case of Abitibi‐Consolidated and Donohue

Adopting a governance perspective, this study analyzes the merger between closely‐held Donohue Inc. and widely‐held Abitibi‐Consolidated Inc. Findings suggest that the absence of a controlling shareholder and weak board governance at Abitibi might explain both (a) its executives' interests in the transaction and (b) its CEO's compensation increase despite underperformance. Second, an intergeneration shift of control at Quebecor (Donohue's parent company) led to a strategic reorientation that (a) transformed Donohue into a target and (b) insured that Donohue's executives had incentives to pursue a deal. Finally, Donohue's noncontrolling shareholders benefited from the transaction while Abitibi shareholders experienced wealth reduction. The merger's aftermath provides some counter evidence regarding blockholders' power in widely‐held firms. Copyright © 2008 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fast‐food addiction and anti‐consumption behaviour: The moderating role of consumer social responsibility

This study aims to understand the drivers of fast‐food addiction and the role of consumer social responsibility (CSR) on the relationship between fast‐food addiction and anti‐consumption. Due to growing health concerns, an increasing number of consumers have been avoiding the consumption of fast food. Based on a sample of 539 respondents, all pertaining to generation Y in Pakistan, this study tests a model including addiction and anti‐consumption behaviour. Empirical results provide strong evidence that individual and sociocultural factors together with advertising practices influence consumers’ fast‐food addiction. Results also reveal that CSR moderates the relationship between fast‐food addiction and anti‐consumption behaviour. Interestingly, the present study pioneers the discussion on how addiction can drive anti‐consumption. The findings can help public policy makers and managers to understand consumers’ anti‐consumption tendencies and help promote healthier consumption habits.     

Talent management and global competition for top talent: A co‐opetition‐based perspective

In an age of competition for top talent, lateral hiring or personnel poaching has flourished not just between rivals, but also among allies transcending across national borders. This article integrates the literature on lateral hiring and co‐opetition to develop a “novel” perspective of the co‐opetition‐based view of lateral hiring. A conceptual framework was developed to account for conditions under co‐opetition setting in different markets. Contrary to the popular belief that poaching from rivals is more beneficial, the present research demonstrates that poaching from allies may be more beneficial in mitigating the “winner's curse.” Indeed, poaching in the collaboration domain is characterized by greater access to information about the target employee before job change. Lateral hiring from allies in foreign markets can also be more beneficial given the potentially moderate stigma attached compared with those from domestic markets. The implications for firms and strategic human resource management literature are examined.     

Decision constraints and consideration‐set formation in consumer durables

The central argument of this article is that the initial phases of the consumer decision process have a major effect on product evaluation and choice. Specifically, the need‐arousal event and the consequent retrieval of product‐related decision constraints from memory substantially influence the ensuing processes of external information search and alternative evaluation. Several hypotheses based on previous experimental research are formulated to capture these influences. Survey data from a large sample of new automobile buyers in New Zealand are used to test the hypotheses. The results suggest that the product‐related decision constraints that are activated as a consequence of problem recognition significantly change the remainder of the purchase process. The findings have important implications for understanding how consideration sets are formed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

消费者权益保护：理论解释及其政策含义

刺激消费、扩大内需需要从多方面着手，保护消费者权益就是一个十分重要的方面，本文在消费者权益保护的双重约束假说的基础上，提出进一步保护消费者权益的政策建议。     

The use of electronic media for advertising and selling: A consumer policy outline

The purpose of the article is to summarize the use of the electronic media for advertising and selling, to identify the present or potential problems of this use for consumers, and to outline national and international consumer policies on the use of the electronic media for advertising and selling.The main suggestions for consumer policy are that consumer organizations and authorities should: (a) set aside resources for the preparation of a code of standards for the use of data media for advertising and selling, (b) follow closely what we have identified as the most urgent consumer problem, namely the use of the visual media for new ways of advertising and selling, (c) carry out detailed studies of the necessity of adjusting legislation in light of the expected developments in the field of visual media, and (d) in view of the international range of both data media and visual media investigate the possibility of international co-operation concerning the detailed consumer policy elements proposed in this article.

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Elektronische Medien in Werbung und Verkauf: ein verbraucherpolitischer Überblick

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag schildert zunächst den Einsatz elektronischer Medien in der Werbung und im Verkauf, wie er sich in den USA und den westeuropäischen Ländern beobachten läßt. Er untersheidet dabei Daten-Medien und visuelle Medien. Anschließend versucht er, bestehende und potentiell auftretende Probleme dieses Medien-Einsatzes zu benennen, und geht dabei im Bereich der Werbung vor allem auf Fragen der Identifizierbarkeit, des Informationsgehaltes und der Strukturierung, im Bereich des Verkaufs auf Fragen der Information über Verkaufskonditionen, des Rücktrittsrechts und des Datenschutzes ein.Schließlich entwirft der Beitrag einen Vorschlag für nationale und internationale verbraucherpolitische Maßnahmen. Nach diesem Vorschlag sollten die Verbraucherorganisationen (a) Mittel für die Erarbeitung von Richtlinien für den Einsatz elektronischer Daten-Medien in Werbung und Verkauf bereitstellen, (b) dem wichtigen Problem des Einsatzes visueller Medien für neue Formen von Werbung und Verkauf auf der Spur bleiben, (c) genau prüfen, inwieweit die Gesetzgebung der zu erwartenden Entwicklung im Bereich der visuellen Medien angepaßt werden muß, und (d) angesichts der übernationalen Reichweite der behandelten Medien die Möglichkeit internationaler verbraucherpolitischer Zusammenarbeit fördern.

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Folke Ölander is Professor and Preben Sepstrup Associate Professor at the Aarhus School of Business Administration and Economics, Ryhavevej 8, DK-8210 Aarhus V, Denmark.The project has been conducted with financial support from the Nordic Council of Ministers.