企业绿色成本管理研究

由于没有考虑环境成本而造成产品价格扭曲和市场失灵,在环境资源恶化和批判传统会计的基础上产生了企业绿色成本管理。绿色成本管理是将企业实施绿色管理的各项活动纳入其成本核算之中。本文通过对绿色成本的概念界定及特征分析,探讨了企业尝试进行绿色成本管理的意义及有效措施。     

Producers, Processors, and Procurement Decisions: The Case of Vegetable Supply Chains in China

This study examines how different supply chain characteristics impose different coordination costs on vegetable processors. The results provide a basis for understanding the relative importance of four alternative supply chain characteristics to vegetable processors: (1) the size of the producers’ production base; (2) the distance between the producer and the processing plant; (3) the level of detail specified in the contract between processors and grower; and (4) whether the producer has food safety certification. Vegetable processors from Laiyang County, Shandong province, China’s largest horticultural production and export region, provide the data underlying the following analysis. Conjoint analysis suggests that the vegetable processors consider the size of the production units as the most important supply chain characteristic influencing their choice of producers, followed by distance to producer, type of contract and food safety certification.     

打响千岛玉叶品牌 实现淳安茶产业转型升级

茶叶是我国重要的农产品和外贸出口产品,浙江省是全国最大的绿茶生产基地,而淳安又是浙江省种植面积最大、产量最多的茶县之一。本文对淳安县茶产业发展现状进行了深入调研和客观分析,在此基础上就做大做强茶淳安产业提出了对策措施和建议。     

LOGISTICS COSTS IN SOUTH AFRICA – THE CASE FOR MACROECONOMIC MEASUREMENT

In South Africa, logistics optimisation is largely managed from a microeconomic perspective. This paper makes the case for macroeconomic logistics measurement, presents the results of the country's national logistics cost model and proposes the first key macroeconomic logistics indicators for South Africa. The research shows that South Africa's logistics costs are higher than the global average. The majority of these costs are attributable to road transport, of which the biggest cost driver is fuel, which in turn is determined by volatile oil prices. This poses a significant exogenous risk to logistics cost management in South Africa. The risk can be mitigated through a structural adjustment in long‐distance freight transport (from road dominated to rail dominated). The paper concludes by proposing two key macroeconomic logistics indicators to facilitate this process.     

Motivation of Chinese commercial banks to issue green bonds: Financing costs or regulatory arbitrage?

This paper analyzes the reasons for the rapid increase in the scale of green bonds issued by Chinese commercial banks in recent years from the perspective of financing costs and regulatory arbitrage. Our empirical results show that the financing cost mechanism cannot explain this increase since the financing costs of green bonds are not lower than those of non-green financial bonds. Furthermore, commercial banks with low asset liquidity engage in regulatory arbitrage to take advantage of the convenience of green bond financing permission to supplement their liquidity. Our results imply that the regulatory arbitrage mechanism is a very important motivation for commercial banks to issue green bonds. To reduce this motivation and ensure the healthy and sustainable development of the green bond market, green ratings of projects should be linked with financing costs as a way to form a positive feedback incentivizing mechanism for green project financers.     

技术性贸易壁垒度量对中日两国茶叶贸易影响差异性探究

文章将中日茶叶贸易细分为红茶贸易、绿茶贸易以及大包装茶叶贸易与小包装茶叶贸易。按技术法规施加时间设立虚拟变量,用引力模型通过计量经济学的方法将技术性贸易壁垒的贸易影响的差异性进行度量研究。研究结果显示,技术性贸易壁垒对茶叶的影响存在异质性是由大小包装不同而产生的。     

Technical and environmental efficiency of livestock farms in China: A slacks-based DEA approach

In the wake of economic development and raised living standards, Chinese pork consumption has risen significantly. As a response to the increased demand and active government support, the national hog sector, which was traditionally dominated by small backyard farms, is featuring a quick restructuring towards large-scale breeding enterprises. With the transformation of the hog sector, environmental externalities have become a very serious concern. Foremost non-point source pollution resulting from the leakage of pig waste into surface water and groundwater resources is seen as a serious threat. Via data envelopment analysis (DEA), we approach the question of efficiency gains from both technical and environmental perspective along a 2012 sample of 371 Chinese hog farms. Our results suggest that especially mid-size hog farms in transition face low environmental efficiency and high pollution abatement costs due to limited waste disposal options. Existent policies turn out to be yet hardly effective in decreasing environmental externalities. In some provinces, projects for rural biogas production could help to improve waste management. However, especially small farms require state support towards improving storage and transportations facilities.     

基于绿色物流理念的企业物流流程再造分析

当前,我国大多数物流企业的物流流程存在缺乏基于绿色物流理念的系统规划、流程分割、职能部门设置不能适应现代企业竞争的需要等问题,造成企业物流成本中包含巨大的环境污染成本,效益增长缓慢。文章侧重从基于绿色物流理念的企业物流流程再造的实施策略及具体措施两方面对企业物流流程再造进行了分析,旨在通过物流流程再造降低物流的环境风险成本、拓展有限的“第三利润”空间,将物流企业推向可持续发展的前沿。     

安徽省茶叶出口现状及对策分析

安徽省是传统茶叶生产大省,茶叶出口量居全国第三。但是面对欧盟、日本等国实施新的农药残留限量标准后,安徽茶叶出口遭遇到严重的绿色壁垒。本文分析了绿色壁垒对安徽省茶叶出口的影响,提出进一步扩大安徽茶叶出口的对策。     

Contract Engagement in the Small-Scale Tuna-Fishing Economies of East Java

We examine the informal contractual relationships formed by artisanal fishers (AFs) and intermediaries in the small-scale tuna-fishing economies of East Java, Indonesia, using data from a survey of 436 boat captains. Our exploration of the factors motivating AFs to engage in such contracts uses instrumental-variable probit regressions to control for endogeneity in our transaction-cost economics model. This model incorporates the importance of household characteristics, transaction characteristics, transaction costs, risk behaviour, and trust in the choice of contract between AFs and their intermediaries. These intermediaries play an important role in facilitating transactions and contractual relationships between AFs and processors in the marketing value chain. We find that social capital is a statistically significant instrumental variable in our model. We also find that risk behaviour and trust are not statistically significant in influencing the choice of governance structure.     

Capturing the Value of Forest Carbon for Local Livelihoods

We contribute to the debate on the social implications of carbon forestry projects by showing that tradeoffs exist between social benefits of projects and their cost-effectiveness. Large-scale industrial plantations and strict forest protection are economically viable, but pose the highest social risks. Socially beneficial projects are less cost-effective because of their higher transaction costs. Enabling policies are also required for their success. Regulation of carbon markets will therefore be required to reduce social risks and enhance benefits. We propose a number of regulatory and proactive measures and justify them on the basis of market imperfections and concepts of sustainable development.     

家庭生计资本对茶农扩大种植规模意愿的影响及其机理研究

基于江西省鄱阳县542户茶叶种植户调查数据，通过二元Probit模型分析茶农生计资本对其扩大种植规模意愿的影响及异质性，构建Bootstrap中介效应模型探求茶农生计资本对其扩大种植规模意愿的影响机理。研究表明，茶农生计资本对其扩大种植规模意愿具有显著的正向影响；茶农生计资本对其扩大种植规模意愿作用影响具有异质性，对女性及60岁以上的茶农影响更为明显；经济利益感知、社会利益感知与生态利益感知在茶农生计资本对其扩大种植规模意愿作用影响关系中发挥着部分中介效应并且中介作用由高到低依次下降。据此建议多方面提高茶农生计资本，加大企业带动就业、绿色生产、品牌效应宣传和推广力度，增加茶农利益感知效果，促使茶农进一步扩大种植规模，为乡村茶产业振兴提速升级。     

Evaluation of board reforms: An examination of the appointment of outside directors

Existing literature on the evaluation of the economic consequences of board reforms has some limitations including: their estimation results fail to show the causal effects of the regulatory reforms; they have limited policy implications for an economy where family businesses are dominant; and there is a lack of consensus on the impacts of the reforms.Using a unique dataset and program evaluation methodologies, this paper investigated the performance of share prices in response to the newly introduced outside director system in Korea, where family businesses have been dominant. First, we find that the positive impact of the appointment of outside directors on returns is observed only when the proportion of outsiders on a board increases significantly and their appointment is accompanied by the lead-and-lag effect of regulatory reforms. Second, the buy-and-hold abnormal return is more evident for independent firms than for chaebol affiliates, due partly to the high monitoring costs for cross-shareholdings among affiliates.     

The multi-market firm, transportation costs, and the separation of the output and allocation decisions

Despite the documented importance of transport costs for firmswith sales in geographically separated markets, theoreticalanalyses typically ignore such costs. This paper analyzes theeffects of transport costs for a risk averse, competitive firmselling a single good in a domestic (certain) and a foreign(uncertain) market, and shows that these effects are asymmetric.The effects on total output and the inter-market allocationof output depend on the behavior of marginal domestic transportcosts, but are largely independent of the form of the foreigntransport cost function. Moreover, regardless of the latter,if marginal transport costs in the domestic market are constant,the firm's total output is independent of its attitude towardsrisk and the parameters of the risky market. This suggests thatthe firm's activity can be insulated from foreign uncertaintiesby government policies that focus on the shape of the domestictransportation cost function.     

Change in the plantation system: American South, 1910-1945

Many questions have not been answered about the tenant plantations in the twentieth century. This paper uses county level data from special plantation censuses taken in 1910 and 1945 to examine changes in the geographic distribution of plantations and how production was organized on them. Although the percentage of land in tenant plantations went down in the South during this period, it increased in some areas and decreased in others. In the areas where it increased, cotton production also increased. This result suggests that in some circumstances plantations had an advantage over small farms.     

How preferences shape the welfare and employment effects of trade

Review of World Economics - We set up a trade model with two countries, two sectors, and one production factor, which features a home-market effect due to the existence of trade costs. We consider...     

Income distribution effects of the green revolution in India: A review of empirical evidence

This paper examines the impact of the green revolution on selected dimensions of income distribution in India, by reviewing the Indian empirical evidence. (i) The Indian empirical studies suggest a wide diffusion of modern varieties (MVs) among farmers, over time, irrespective of farm size and tenurial status. But the pace of diffusion of MVs of a given crop among farms, across the regions and over the years has certainly revealed a tendency to be interlinked with the nature and level of their (regions) development in physical and institutional infrastructure. (ii) Through prospects of increased demand for labour, the green revolution has undoubtedly exerted a favourable impact on the absolute income status of the landless labourer, notwithstanding the fact that the owners of land and capital have gained relatively more than the labourers in the increased production due to MVs. (iii) The impact of MVs on regional income differences has been one of increasing the gap mainly due to an interplay between differentials in levels of physical and infrastructural development of regions and product- location-specificity characteristics of MVs.     

Intensive judicial oversight and corporate green innovations: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

The deterioration of pollution problem has increased environmental disputes. However, little is known about the relationship between intensive judicial oversight and corporate green innovations. Regarding the establishment of environmental courts in China as an almost ideal quasi-natural experiment, this paper identifies the impact and mechanism of environmental courts on corporate green innovations. We find that: (1) environmental courts have a significant positive impact on green innovations. However, by employing instrument variable (IV) strategy to alleviate the endogenous issues, we find environmental courts mainly promote the quantity of green innovations; (2) the positive effect on green innovations is more salient for firms in the industry with high pollution intensity, state-owned enterprises, and firms in regions with stricter mass supervision; (3) environmental courts can improve the efficiency of dealing with environmental disputes and alleviate the collaboration between government and firms. Therefore, it could promote corporate green innovations with the increasing pressure for pollution abatement; (4) environmental courts could cause additional costs to firms, such as crowding out non-green innovations and decreasing corporate TFP in the short term. Meanwhile, the establishment of environmental courts could also achieve specific social welfare effects, which is conducive to improving local environmental quality. This paper provides implications for judicial oversight of regulators on environmental protection.     

The impacts of food safety standards on China's tea exports

There have been growing concerns about the effects of food safety standards on agricultural trade throughout the world. The objective of this paper is to assess the impacts of food safety standards on tea exports from China, the world′s largest tea producer and exporter. To achieve this objective, the paper discusses the trends and nature of China′s tea production and export, analyzes changes on tea safety standards indicated by Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) of pesticides and the coverage of tea safety standards concerning regulatory pesticides in major importing countries, and quantitatively estimates the impacts of food safety standards on China′s tea export based on a gravity model. The results show that the MRL of pesticides (e.g., endosulfan, fenvalerate and flucythrinate) imposed by importing countries have significantly affected China′s tea exports. The results also show that China′s tea exports have been significantly restricted when importing countries increase coverage of tea safety standards concerning regulatory pesticides.     

基于因子分析-模糊评价的绿色施工管理系统

近年来,建筑行业高速发展带来的弊端逐渐显现,传统施工方式追求利益最大化而忽略环境成本的产生,其高污染与高能耗的行业特性促使建筑业向资源节约型与环境保护型方向转型。为全面评价工程的绿色施工水平、推进绿色施工向标准化与规范化方向发展,基于绿色施工相关理论基础,采用主成分分析与模糊综合评价的研究方法,根据《绿色施工导则》与《绿色建筑评价标准》的规定,构造了能准确考量项目经济效益、社会效益与环境效益的绿色施工管理评价模型,为绿色施工的评估提供一种新思路。