区域金融发展如何影响农业信贷与农民创业*——基于CHFS的实证研究

本文利用2013年和2015年中国家庭金融调查微观数据，结合中国银保监会披露的金融许可证注册信息的网点分布情况，实证分析区域金融发展对农户增收创业的作用，以及不同类型金融机构和区域金融市场结构差异对以上作用的影响。研究发现：（1）区域内银行网点数量的增加会显著降低农业正规信贷约束和农户参与民间借贷的概率，推动农户创业；（2）不同金融机构的信贷行为存在显著差异，农商行等新型农村金融机构可以有效克服农信社的内部治理缺陷，改善支农服务；（3）区域银行集中程度越高，农商行等新型农村金融机构和大型国有银行的支农效果越弱，两者在高集中度地区难以发挥积极作用。由此可见，仅仅依靠惠农政策或农信社改制来推动农民增收创业缺乏效力，应在建设竞争有序的区域金融市场的基础上鼓励金融机构改善支农服务。     

Do credit unions have distinct objectives? Evidence from executive compensation structures

Credit unions compete directly with commercial banks in markets for consumer financial services yet receive an exemption from federal corporate income tax. Commercial banks claim that credit unions are no different than banks and that the credit union tax exemption represents an unfair competitive advantage. Credit unions counter that while they offer similar products and services, they differ from commercial banks in terms of structure and mission, given their not-for-profit, cooperative status. In this paper, we test for substantive differences in the objective functions of commercial banks and nonprofit credit unions by comparing CEO compensation structures. Drawing on the relevant principal–agent literature, we provide several arguments to support the hypotheses that credit union boards of directors establish lower-powered incentive contracts with their CEOs relative to similarly sized commercial banks, and offer lower total compensation. We find that credit union CEOs receive approximately 250% less performance-based compensation relative to CEOs of similarly sized community banks. Bank CEOs also earn approximately 15% to 20% more total compensation on average. The results are generally robust to controlling for CEO- and board-level characteristics, local economic conditions, and institution-level indicators of size, growth, complexity, liquidity and risk. The findings suggest important differences in incentive structures and objectives between banks and credit unions.     

Does branch network size influence positively the management performance of Japanese regional banks?

This article investigates whether branch network expansions by Japanese regional banks influence their management performances positively at a time when management environments surrounding regional financial institutions have become increasingly severe due to the population decreases and shrinkage of regional economies. Specifically, the effects of numbers of regional bank branches on their credit businesses and profits are empirically examined. The results indicated that regional banks with more branches can increase their loans and bills discounted as well as their small and mid-sized enterprises loans and bills discounted. Thus, establishing more branches is effective in increasing the total sum of loans and bills discounted by each bank because regional banks with many branches can make contact with more customers. On the other hand, return on assets and return on equity of regional banks with more branches were found to be lower. Therefore, regarding the cost performance of regional banks, establishing too many branches and maintaining branch networks that are too large can have negative effects on regional banks.     

Did foreign banks stay committed to emerging Europe during recent financial crises?

Our objective is to investigate empirically the behavior of foreign banks with respect to real loan growth during periods of financial crisis for a set of countries in which foreign banks dominate the banking sectors due primarily to having taken over large existing former state-owned banks. The eight countries are among the most developed in emerging Europe, their banking sectors having been modernized by the middle of the last decade. We consider a data period that includes an initial credit boom (2005 – 2007) followed by the global financial crisis (2008 & 2009) and the onset of the Eurozone crisis (2010). Our two innovations with respect to the existing literature on banking during the financial crisis are to separate foreign banks into two categories, namely, subsidiaries of the Big 6 European multinational banks (MNBs) and all other foreign-controlled banks, and to take account of the impact of exchange rates during the period. Our results show that bank lending was impacted adversely by both crises but that the two types of foreign banks behaved differently. The Big 6 banks remained committed to the region in that their lending behavior was not different from that of domestic banks supporting the notion that these countries are treated as a “second home market” by these European MNBs. Contrariwise, the other foreign banks active in the region were involved in fueling the credit boom but then decreased their lending aggressively during the crisis periods. Our results also indicate that bank behavior in countries having flexible exchange rate regimes differs from that in those in (or effectively in) the Eurozone. Our results suggest that both innovations matter for studying bank behavior during crisis periods in the region and, by extension, to other small countries in which banking sectors are dominated by foreign financial institutions having different business models.     

Natural or unnatural selection? The end of lending relationships for small businesses

We investigate the situation where small business borrowers and banks end their lending relationships. If credit allocation is efficient, banks terminate their relationships with risky borrowers. Alternatively, small business borrowers are more likely to end their relationships when they have poor investment opportunities and do not require borrowed funds. However, if the soft budget constraints of banks or credit crunches are a significant problem, banks are likely to continue their relationships with risky firms or end their relationships with nonrisky firms, which is representative of an unnatural credit allocation. Using Japanese firm-level data, we show empirically that these relationships end naturally, with natural credit allocation supported even during the recent global financial crisis.     

Bank versus nonbank financial institution lending behaviour: indictors of firm size,risk or ownership?

Using 1251 matched commercial loan deal terms of listed companies over the period 2003–2014, we examine the heterogeneity of lending behaviours of bank and nonbank financial institutions. The results show that large firms have a higher likelihood of getting loans from nonbank financial institutions. Compared to banks, nonbank financial institutions are more likely to provide credit help to high operation risk firms. State-owned listed firms have a higher probability to get finance from nonbank financial institutions than private firms, which highlights the situation that private firms are in a weak position to get credit help from China’s financial system. Moreover, the process of increasing the banks’ noninterest income ratio tends to drives firms to borrow from nonbank financial institutions.     

新型农村金融机构改革可行吗?——基于监督效率视角的分析

本文基于监督机制建立了借款人融资条件决定的道德风险模型,比较分析了各类新型农村金融机构的监督效率及其对农村融资状况的影响。结果表明:现有商业银行缺乏明显的监督比较优势,由其组建的村镇银行和贷款公司将难以长期持续经营;小额贷款公司因需要全部自有资本运营,对民营资本监督效率提出了过高要求而难以在农村地区普遍设立;资金互助社从农户生产经营中内生出来能有效实施相互监督和合同互联,与专业合作社或龙头公司联合发展时可显著改善农村融资状况。当前以商业银行为主导的农村金融增量改革,体现了政府隐性存款担保下国家对于民营资本金融风险的过度防范,以及商业银行为了经营特许权价值作出短期选择的双重契合。进一步的改革需要逐步从国家外生主导模式向民间内生成长模式转变,充分发挥民营资本和各类新型农村经济组织的作用。     

CUSTOMER‐OWNED BANKING IN AUSTRALIA: FROM CREDIT UNION TO MUTUAL BANK

Since the 1990s financial sector regulation in Australia has treated credit unions and building societies the same as banks under the designated title of authorized depository institutions. This allows credit unions to choose between different organizational structures: cooperative; convert to customer‐owned banks or to demutualize. This article utilizes semi‐structured interviews to analyse the key motivations for organizational change. It examines a number of credit unions and their conversion experience to customer‐owned banks. It finds that adaptation of the credit union model was necessary to change customer perceptions, ensure future growth in the customer base and assets, and facilitate access to capital raisings with the credit rating of a bank. Despite this change customer‐owned banks retain the core principals of mutuality.     

REGIONAL FINANCE AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN CHINA

China's growth has recently been spectacularly high but there have been expressions of concern about its uneven regional distribution. It has been asserted that this has been partly due to national financial institutions (mainly state‐owned banks) redirecting deposits from poor to rich regions and that this will be improved by smaller regionally‐focussed institutions. We test these propositions using both informal analysis and more formal econometrics employing recent panel time‐series methods. We find that (i) there is no evidence that deposits are siphoned off from the poor provinces for loans in rich provinces; (ii) financial disparities are positively related to output disparities, (iii) the link is stronger for rural credit co‐operatives than for state‐owned banks and (iv) the relationship is causal in both the long and short runs.     

中小企业集群的融资优势和障碍分析

融资难是困扰中小企业发展的主要问题。但中小企业集聚成群后却可以形成与单个的中小企业截然不同的独特融资优势：增大中小企业的守信度,降低金融机构的融资风险,促使民间融资发展等。中小企业集群的融资优势十分明显,但目前还存在一些阻碍中小企业集群融资优势充分发挥的因素,如集群内部企业专业化分工不够深入,协作程度低;银行信贷政策和意识存在偏差,银企互动关系有待加强;中小企业集群的信用担保体系建设滞后;集群内服务中小企业的金融机构发展滞后等。为缓解中小企业融资难题,促进中小企业集群融资优势的发挥,我们应采取措施强化中小企业集群产业关联,建立诚信合作的集群文化;加快建设为中小企业集群服务的区域性中心银行,密切银企关系;完善中小企业信用担保体系,设立互助担保联盟;拓宽民营金融经营范围,加快民营金融机构的发展。     

民国时期县银行的变迁、缺陷及启示

民国时期的县银行在抗战爆发前及抗战期间有过辅助县域经济发展的作用,但县银行也存在资本薄弱、信用不稳固、营业区域狭小、业务难发展、未能专注于服务三农、监管难度大、经营风险及脆弱性高等问题,其经营实绩不尽人意。审视民国县银行由盛转衰的史迹及其弊端,总结其原因,有助于中国政府重组现阶段的县域金融中介体系,发展农村金融、支持和均衡县域经济发展。     

Regional foreign banks and financial inclusion: Evidence from Africa

Regional foreign banks expanded quickly over the past decade in developing and emerging countries and have a growing influence in banking systems. We question whether the development of African regional foreign banks, also called Pan-African banks, influences financial inclusion of firms and households. To this end, we combine the World Bank Global Findex database and the World Bank Enterprise Surveys with a hand-collected database on the presence of regional foreign banks. We find that Pan-African banks presence increases firms’ access to credit and limited evidence that they favor financial access of the middle class by restoring confidence in banks. We suggest that this impact is related to the adoption of an aggressive strategy aiming at gaining market shares rather than through the exploitation of informational and technological advantages.     

Determinants of the Timing of Downsizing Among Large Japanese Firms: Long‐Term Employment Practices and Corporate Governance

This paper analyses the relation between corporate governance and employment adjustment behaviour among Japanese firms. The results are summarized in the following two points. First, in the period before 1997, although main banks were likely to allow firms' employment maintenance until they experienced 2 consecutive years of losses, they tended to press firms to downsize once firms faced financial distress. Second, the reduced function of main banks and the increased influence of foreign owners have changed the timing of downsizing since 1997. Changes in corporate governance have brought about slight but non‐negligible changes in Japanese employment practices.     

中小企业融资安排新进展与商业银行功能转变

近几年来,金融在支持中小企业发展方面已经取得了实质性进展：贷款总量稳步增加;融资方式有了新的变化;信用担保机构建立并已发挥作用;金融服务水平有所提高。但由于商业银行功能弱化、金融结构调整滞后于经济结构优化等原因仍不能满足迅速崛起的中小企业的融资需求。要解除中小企业融资困境,必须从转变商业银行的五项功能入手。     

DIFFERENCES IN PORTUGUESE CREDIT INSTITUTIONS' LENDING AND INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR IN A TIME OF SLUMP

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the different property rights models of credit institutions (public, private, cooperative or mutual) in their credit policy and investment behaviour and in response to the current crisis and regulatory framework adjustments. Taking Portuguese credit institutions as the object, it concludes that overall banks’ business models are qualitatively identical and their lending and investment behaviours are similar, except for the saver profile of cooperative banks and the deeper focus on loans to customers to the detriment of financial investments of the mutual savings banks. Moreover, the reactions to the crisis were equivalent, except for the state‐owned banks, which presented the most favourable reaction, albeit not deep enough to be significant.     

Japanese Bank Productivity, 2007–2012: A Dynamic Network Approach

We estimate a dynamic network (DN) directional output distance function for 100 Japanese banks operating during 2007–2012. Network production occurs in that deposits and other funds raised are produced as intermediate products in stage 1 and those intermediate products are used to generate a portfolio of assets in stage 2. The dynamic technology links production periods via nonperforming loans (NPL) and carryover assets, which take the form of excess reserves. Carryover assets expand the future production possibility set while NPL shrink future production possibilities. We extend previous DN methods to measure the performance of three types of Japanese commercial banks: city banks, regional banks and second regional banks. We test for and find differences in the three bank technologies relative to a common technology. Such differences are likely due to different institutional and regulatory structures. Unlike previous DN studies, we also allow for a non‐uniform abatement factor between previously‐produced NPL and other inputs in stage 1 and between performing loans and NPL in the current period. Measured productivity change is greater when each bank faces their own group technology rather than the pooled technology consisting of all bank types.     

改善西部民营企业融资环境的几点设想

西部民营企业的发展离不开银行信贷资金的支持和投入，因此必须建立相应的社会信用体系，为民营企业创造良好的融资环境。为此，提出了下述设想：建立信用保障机构和资信评估体系以增强民营企业的信用程度；规范民间信用，建立为西部民营企业和西部开发服务的区域性商业银行，形成多层次的金融服务体系；国有商业银行应发挥其信贷资金主渠道作用，积极为西部民营企业金融服务。与此相适应，西部民营企业要转变观念，提高企业信誉，向高层次发展。     

Convergence of bank competition in Central and Eastern European countries: do foreign and domestic banks go hand in hand?

Following the massive entry of foreign banks into the Central and Eastern European (CEE) banking markets, one may wonder whether their competitive behaviour differs from that of their domestic counterparts, possibly leading to the segmentation of these markets at the regional and national levels. We find that the competitive behaviour of foreign and domestic banks differs, with foreign banks having less market power until the recent financial crisis and more market power after this financial turmoil. Despite this difference, banks tend to behave similarly, and their market power converges to a similar level. The tendency towards similar competitive behaviour is observed at the regional and national levels and for both foreign and domestic banks, although foreign institutions that enter these markets through the acquisition of domestic banks have slightly more market power. Our findings suggest the regional integration of CEE banking markets and no segmentation between foreign and domestic institutions.     

中国新型农村金融机构空间分布与扩散特征

在新型农村金融机构静态空间分布基础上,以“金融密度”为衡量指标,考察2007—2018年新型农村金融机构空间分布与扩散特征,结果表明:①新型农村金融机构空间分布呈整体分散但相对集中状态,从形式上覆盖了31个省份,但实际覆盖空间非常狭小。②基于ArcGIS的村镇银行经济金融密度、人口金融密度和地理金融密度分析发现两个突出的空间扩散特征,一是新型农村金融机构虽然大部分在中西部地区,但空间分布存在省级差异和地区不均衡;二是它们基本遵循从经济发展水平较好地区向经济发展欠佳地区、人口密度较大到人口密度低地区等空间扩散路径,但在面积相等条件下,人口密度、基础设施、信用体系、运营成本与金融风险等因素导致这一扩散路径逆转。③最后结合金融科技趋势,提出政策层面适度调整农村金融发展思路,将重心调整至“数字金融”探索改善金融可达性的建议。     

日本主银行制的演化动力、区间及约束条件

作为日本金融制度和治理结构核心内容的主银行制正在发生演化,演化的动力来自于企业、银行和政府等三个主体的行动。但三者的目标并不相同,企业和银行权衡风险、收益和信念等目标,政府权衡总体政策、利益集团要求和信念等目标。各主体受权力结构和行动能力的制约,前者由市场权力和政治权力构成,后者由谈判能力和游说能力构成。主体互动使主银行制演化产生了三个区间:存续、改变形态和瓦解。在不同条件下,主银行制可能处于某个区间之内,但并非处于完全衰落之中,而是表现出一定的演化特征。