精准扶贫过程中工具理性的越位和价值理性的回归——基于湖北省B村的调查

精准扶贫包含着以效率为核心的工具理性和以人文价值为核心的价值理性,以两种理性视角审视湖北省B村的扶贫现状,发现B村精准扶贫在实施过程中出现工具理性和价值理性的失衡,主要表现为政策形式偏离价值初衷、效率优先忽视公平诉求、技术思维淡化人文关怀等问题,工具理性僭越到价值理性之上。为了促进扶贫工作顺利开展和扶贫任务的圆满实现,必须要推进精准扶贫过程中科学与民主、效率与公平、扶贫与扶志、扶智的统一,来助力价值理性的回归。     

Grassroots innovations in the informal economy: insights from value theory

ABSTRACT

The scholarship on innovation hitherto has prioritized exchange value, scalability and large scale commercialization, overlooking the other significant human centric values discussed in 'value theory'. Consequently, innovations in the informal economy are often undermined due to their inability to generate exchange values. This paper identifies and examines the suitability of the nuanced set of values discussed in value theory for informal sector grassroots innovations. Based on ten years of ethnographic research in different parts of Jammu and Kashmir in India, we find that these innovations generate a diverse set of values, ranging from use value to socially embedded reciprocal exchange value to different forms of relational and non-relational intrinsic values. At a juncture when strengthening alternative innovation approaches occupies a priority, these findings have important bearing on innovation policy scholarship.     

荷兰农地非农化中政府的强势角色及启示

研究目的：分析市场经济体制下荷兰政府在农地非农化过程中积极参与市场运作和强势控制市场的原因,及其对转型期的中国农地非农化改革的借鉴意义。研究方法：流程分析法和归纳法。研究结果：通过流程分析归纳总结了荷兰农地非农化过程中政府、农民、私人投资者等利益相关者的行为选择。研究结论：荷兰在土地产权设置、土地规划体系、土地市场运行和政府参与市场的作用等方面值得中国借鉴。     

基于经济增加值(EVA)方法的中国科创板市场内在价值研究

以价值投资理论为基本理念,选用宁波容百新能源科技股份有限公司(容百科技)作为研究对象,通过经济增加值(EVA)方法评估容百科技的内在价值;研究结论表明容百科技股票被市场与投资者所高估,公司过高的应收账款与极不充足的经营性现金流为科创板市场中的投资者敲响警钟。     

Complexity in valuation practice: an inquiry into valuers’ perceptions of task complexity in the Dutch real estate market

The aim of this paper is to examine valuer judgement behaviour, by exploring the manifestation of task complexity in Dutch commercial valuation practice. For this purpose, we adopted a grounded theory approach and undertook 18 in-depth interviews with senior valuation professionals across the Netherlands. Our findings indicate a strong presence of situational task complexity in commercial valuation practice, as professionals operating in large valuation teams perceive different elements of task complexity throughout commercial valuation practice in comparison to peers working in small valuation teams or self-employed valuers. Further, coping strategies used to deal with task complexity vary substantially by type of valuer as well. From our data, we deducted three types of task environment constructs in which valuers operate, which basically represent the various levels of professional standards required by clients as well as organisational settings composed to meet client standards. As such, we found that task environment settings strongly coincide with perceptions of task complexity. The presence of situational task complexity in commercial real estate valuation practice points to the need for customisation of professional valuer’s development programs to facilitate valuers to deal with task complexity in different stages of valuation practice and hence contribute to advancing valuer judgement skills.     

Promoting nature conservation by Dutch farmers: a governance perspective†

Reconciling productive agricultural practices with nature conservation is not only an ecological challenge, but also a demanding matter of governance. This paper analyses the potential as well as the limitations of various governance arrangements, and explores ways to enhance the governance of nature conservation in agricultural landscapes. We assume four conditions to contribute to the performance of these arrangements: farmers should be motivated, demanded, enabled, and legitimized to participate in arrangements that promote nature conservation by farmers. We analyse 10 distinct Dutch governance arrangements in the period 2000–2016, including agri-environment schemes but also privately initiated arrangements. The arrangements target a large but unknown share of farmers and farmlands, but nature conservation ambition levels are generally low to moderate. The expected low-to-moderate performance is associated with a low-to-moderate motivation, demand, and ability. Underlying are stronger forces driving towards intensification and problems farmers face in recuperating the cost of nature conservation. New greening requirements in the EU Common Agricultural Policy and in agri-food supply chains are first, cautious steps addressing these fundamental drivers of ecological degradation. More ambitious greening requirements may contribute to a higher motivation and ability of larger groups of farmers to implement nature conservation measures.     

基于韦伯二重合理性的农户生态耕种行为分析

目的 基于韦伯二重合理性理论框架,通过对传统农业大省江西省农户生态耕种行为理性的评价,分析农户生态耕种行为主要因素的影响规律,为农户生态耕种激励政策的制定提供参考。方法 文章以江西省农户为调查对象,采取分层抽样和随机抽样相结合的方式选取样本农户,针对户主或是参与农业经营决策的家庭主要成员开展访谈和问卷调查相结合的入户调查。利用获取的1 488份有效问卷数据,通过层次分析-熵值定权法确定农户生态耕种理性评价指标权重并进行评价,得出农户生态耕种行为理性的评价值。运用Order-Probit模型分析二重合理性理论框架下农户生态耕种行为的工具理性、价值理性及其交互以及其他主要因素的影响规律。结果 （1）样本农户平均采纳生态耕种行为4.735项,工具理性评价均值为0.546 8,价值理性评价均值0.354 2,丘陵区农户生态耕种行为工具理性和价值理性值比平原、山地区更高。（2）当前,工具理性在农户生态耕种行为采纳上起到消极的抑制作用,价值理性起到积极的促进作用,而二重合理性的冲突减弱了农户生态耕种采纳率。（3）家庭劳动力占比越高、耕地收入占比的提高,农户采取生态耕种行为的可能性越高,而促进小农户向新型农业现代经营主体的转变是提高农户生态耕种行为采纳的有效途径之一。（4）农户保留仅供自家消费的耕地说明其对耕地生产的安全性持有疑虑,更加愿意进行生态耕种以保持耕地和农产品健康。结论 需要积极落实生态农产品的补偿,完善有关法规制度和质量监管,实现生态耕种的产品价值,以达到农户追求效益的工具理性与耕地保护的价值理性之间的协调统一。     

荷兰农业绿色转型经验与政策启示

[目的]与我国的农业资源禀赋条件相似,荷兰人多地少,农业资源贫乏,却是世界农业强国,其20世纪80年代开始的农业转型之路对促进我国当前农业绿色发展具有重要借鉴意义。[方法]结合实地调研与文献研究,文章梳理了荷兰40年来在农业环境治理方面的具体政策设计和实施效果,并分析了其主要经验做法及对我国发展的启示。[结果]从畜禽养殖数量控制到化学投入品控制、再到农业资源全管理,荷兰始终坚持以种养结合的可持续发展模式应对农业资源环境挑战,不断强化循环利用技术推广应用,逐步建立了严格的农业资源环境监管体系和政府支持体系,在农业污染得到有效治理的同时,依然很好地保持了国际市场竞争力。[结论]荷兰曾经面对的养殖业污染、化学品过度投入等问题也是我国当前农业环境的突出问题,其当时采取的转型思路与我们目前的绿色发展理念高度一致,借鉴荷兰经验,加快推进我国农业绿色发展,亟需创新循环农业发展模式,加强绿色发展技术支撑,建立并完善农业绿色发展制度体系,协同推进农业资源环境保护和农业竞争力提升。     

荷兰奶业发展经验的剖析与启示

该文对荷兰奶业发展经验进行了全面总结,从经济学的角度,对荷兰奶业发展的优势、行为与绩效,进行了详细分析,总结了值得借鉴的经验,提出了我国奶业发展的政策建议。     

The Dutch urban ground lease: A valuable tool for land policy?

Once heralded by both liberals and socialists as a tool for Dutch municipal governments to prevent land speculation and to implement spatial policies, a century later the Dutch ground lease (erfpacht) is now despised by many. The ground lease was the subject of strong debate in the recent past and is likely to remain so. It has been argued that lessees should have the right to become owner of the land, and this ‘right to buy’ has indeed been implemented in the land policies of several municipalities. The Dutch urban ground lease seems to be under serious pressure. Is it outdated or is it still a valuable tool for land policy? Before we answer this question, we firstly will provide an historical overview of Dutch ground lease. Secondly, the different types of ground lease will be elaborated. Thirdly, the focus will be on the urban ground lease used by Dutch municipalities and the developments in the use of this instrument. Fourthly, the recent policy changes will be dealt with, followed by an assessment.     

How do planners manage risk in alternative land development models? An institutional analysis of land development in the Netherlands

While risk is a key concern in property development, it tends to be discussed by planners only relative to the effects of regulatory planning on private sector risk. Yet planning encompasses a broad range of activities that go beyond its function of regulating private sector development. Despite active approaches to land development being commonly used across different planning contexts, frameworks for analysing public sector strategies to address risk are rarely discussed. We attempt to redress this deficit by investigating the actions of public sector development actors with regard to risk across three different land development models: public land development, land development by public-private partnership, and land readjustment. Using recent Dutch experience, we conduct an institutional analysis of each land development model in order to highlight the effects of alternative governance structures on risk as a particular transaction attribute, from the perspective of public sector planning. Our findings indicate the importance of highlighting the role of public risk in alternative models of land development where there may be a tendency to adopt institutional arrangements without due regard to this, and point to possible future applications of institutional analysis at the particular, rather than the general, level.     

基于原木法估算立木收益价值的实证研究

以林木市场价格为基础,采用原木法对杉木人工林的经济收益价值的估算进行实证分析,并对其应用范围和应用价值进行了研究,为林木经营者提供了做出最佳林木产出决策的思路和建议。     

森林资源环境价值研究中的边际分析

在边际效用价值论的基础上通过区分总效用与边际效用,引入消费者剩余、边际生产力、产品分配净尽理论及资源的稀缺性等概念,提出用总效用而不是边际效用计算森林环境价值量不仅在理论上是错误的,而且在实践中也是不合理的,会夸大森林环境价值量。     

Do Farmers Internalise Environmental Spillovers of Pesticides in Production?

Pesticides are used in agriculture to protect crops from pests and diseases, with indiscriminate pesticide use having several adverse effects on the environment and human health. An important question is whether the environmental spillovers of pesticides also affect the farmers’ production environment. We use a model of optimal pesticide use that explicitly incorporates the symmetric and asymmetric effect of pesticides’ environmental spillovers on crop production. The application focuses on panel data from Dutch cash crop producers. We show that pesticides have a positive direct impact on output and a negative indirect impact through their effects on the production environment.     

北京市农业生态价值评价研究

农业具有多功能性,生态价值是农业的重要功能。文章以北京市农业生态系统为研究对象,采用生态系统服务价值当量因子法,测算了2003~2012年北京市农业生态价值量和北京市农业生态价值量构成。计算结果表明:2003~2012年,北京市农业生态价值量呈现不断增长趋势。2012年,北京市农业理论生态价值量为2 203.04亿元,现实生态价值量为1 167.61亿元,是农业产值的2.95倍;林业生态价值量占北京市农业生态价值总量的91%以上;怀柔区、密云县、延庆县生态价值量位列北京市前三甲;北京市各区(县)农业生态价值在空间上呈\"C\"状分布。     

矿产资源开采时机选择的期权分析

文章认为,在矿产资源的开发时机决策中,传统的净现值法有很大的缺陷,提出了确定矿产资源开发时机的新的分析方法--期权方法.     

基于土地利用的北京市农业生态服务价值评估研究

近年来,随着经济社会加速发展与新农村建设的不断深入,在北京这样的大都市中农业的生产功能逐渐被弱化,农业的生态功能越来越凸显重要作用,估算农业的生态服务价值逐渐成为学术界研究的热点。目前国内主要是参照谢高地提出的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务功能价值表,即用全国生态系统的平均服务价值来估算不同区域的农业生态服务价值,这与北京的社会发展水平、城市定位及都市型现代农业的功能定位是不符合的,因此是不太恰当的。文章以北京农业生态服务价值评估为研究目标,在全国生态系统服务价值评估体系的基础上,对北京市300多位具有相关专业背景的学者进行问卷调查,对中国生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量表进行有依据的修改,制定出更适合北京区域的不同土地利用类型生态系统服务评估单价体系,并以此表为依据测算了2013年北京农业生态服务价值的理论值与现实值。研究发现北京的农业生态服务价值十分巨大,文章提供了一种更符合北京生态系统状况与经济发展水平的农业生态服务价值评估方法,可以用于已知土地利用面积的农业生态服务价值估算,能够在较短时间内获得较为精确的结果。