A monetary analysis of the Drachma/ECU exchange rate determination, 1980–1991

The validity of the monetary approach to the Drachma/ECU exchange rate determination is investigated through cointegration, impulse response and variance decomposition analysis. The empirical results reported confirm recent findings that the monetary approach may be interpreted as a long-run equilibrium condition with highly complex short-run dynamics. First version received: November 1997/Final version received: May 2000     

The link between the federal funds rate and banking system distress: An empirical investigation

We investigate the association between deviations of the monetary policy rate from its benchmark, and systemic risk between 2001 and 2017. We adopt an impulse response function framework that uses the local projections method model proposed by Jorda (2005). We find that paying interest on reserves by the Fed beginning in 2008 introduced a monetary policy regime shift between the period that the Fed did not pay interest on reserves and the period that it did. Consequently, while we identify a positive and significant link between deviations of the policy rate from its benchmark and systemic risk in the former period, this link was broken in the latter period. During the former period, upsurges in the fed funds rate raised bank costs and increased bank distress. In contrast, during the latter period, interest payment on reserves exceeded the policy rate, except for 2009Q1, and as a result, banks did not expand lending in response to the Fed's reserve injections, instead, holding large amounts of excess reserves. This practice produced greater bank profitability and reduced bank liquidity risk and credit risk, without increasing systemic risk.     

Futures price dynamics of CO2 emission allowances

We analyze the pricing and lead–lag relationship between spot and futures prices of CO₂ emission allowances in the EU emission trading scheme. We show that the cost-of-carry hypothesis between spot and futures prices holds for the trial period. In this period we focus on how fast a deviation from equilibrium due to shocks is restored. We derive testable restrictions on the loading coefficients and the short term dynamics within a vector error correction model. Previous studies in this field did not take into account the effects of lagged differences in the determination of the speed of adjustment. The results indicate that deviations from equilibrium are restored faster for the futures price series maturing in 2006 than for the futures price series maturing in 2007. Furthermore, we conduct an impulse response analysis using local projections with conditional confidence bands. Finally, we give an outlook for the Kyoto commitment period which is already running. In this time period so far we find that the cost-of-carry hypothesis does not hold.     

Asymmetric generalized impulse responses with an application in finance

Since the seminal work by Sims (1980), the impulse response functions are regularly applied to capture the propagation mechanism of a shock across time. This paper suggests a new approach for allowing asymmetry in the impulse response functions. This is an issue that has been neglected in the existing literature on the estimation of impulses. In the current paper it is shown how the underlying variables can be transformed into cumulative positive and negative changes in order to estimate the impulses to an asymmetric innovation. An application is provided to demonstrate how the propagation mechanism of an asymmetric impulse operates.     

Social Expenditure Projections: a Stochastic Approach

This paper develops a stochastic approach to the projection of ratios of social expenditure to GDP in order to examine their sampling properties using simulation methods. The approach involves the translation of informed judgements about the range of variation of variables into distributional parameters. It is suggested that the method can be used in other contexts where projections need to be based on variables whose distributional characteristics cannot be obtained from a time series of data, either because there are few data or because there are good reasons for believing that past variations give little insight into potential future variations. The results suggest that while the standard approach generates unbiased values, these may be associated with quite large standard errors. In making projections, it is therefore recommended that serious consideration should be given to the likely variability in the component distributions. In particular, the results are sensitive to assumptions regarding the growth rate of productivity.     

现代物流与经济增长的VAR模型分析

本文在建立VAR模型的基础上，运用脉冲响应函数和预测方差分解来刻画现代物流发展与经济增长关系的相关性。研究结果表明，我国的现代物流发展与经济增长之间存在着较强的正向相关性。因此，在当前条件下，加速推进现代物流发展是持续促进经济增长的重要路径选择。     

提高地方政府投资效率的思考——基于双重委托代理模型的分析

利用双重委托代理模型,从理论上论证合理的激励约束机制设计会提高地方政府投资效率,并对GDP、财政收入及地方政府投资进行Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应函数分析,得出以GDP和财政收入作为激励约束机制确实会使地方政府产生短期投资行为,降低投资效率。提出了完善激励约束机制和加强社会监督力度的对策建议。     

Causality in EU macroeconomic variables

This article investigates the interdependence of macroeconomics, financial and other variables for European Union countries using a multivariate vector autoregressive (VAR) approach for quarterly data. The VAR analysis is applied to all bivariate cases, and the best fitted models are selected in order to conduct Granger causality testing and impulse response functions. Contrary to the existing literature, this study reveals evidence of a unilateral direction between several cases and ambiguous results regarding Impulse response functions analysis.     

International travelling and trade: further evidence for the case of Spanish wine based on fractional vector autoregressive specifications

This article deals with the relationship between international travelling and trade. For this purpose we focus on a particular case study: the connection between the Spanish wine exports to Germany and the German travellers to Spain. Unlike previous studies we use a methodology based on fractional Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) models, which permits us to compute the impulse responses in a similar way as in the standard VAR case. The results show that the orders of integration of the two series are constrained between 0 and 1, being higher for the arrivals series than for the exports. The impulse response analysis reveals that an increase in travelling produces a positive initial impact on trade though it tends to disappear in the long run.     

中国环境规制、技术创新与碳排放量关系的动态分析——基于脉冲响应函数和方差分解法

作为最大的发展中国家,我国面临着经济发展和节能减排的双重困扰,低碳经济模式成为实现可持续发展的重要途径。以1994—2009年中国环境规制、技术创新与碳排放量数据为依据,利用脉冲响应函数与方差分解法对环境规制、技术创新与碳排放量在外部因素冲击下的动态响应态势进行测算,结果表明:在10年的响应期下,环境规制强度与碳排放量之间在对方冲击下的响应曲线呈N型,技术创新能力与碳排放量之间的相互响应曲线为N型和倒U型;环境规制强度与技术创新能力之间的相互响应曲线都为N型。     

A structural VAR model of the Fiji Islands

A four-dimensional Structural Vector Auto-regression (SVAR) model is applied to investigate the implications of fuel imports and devaluation policy on Fiji's current account deficits and economic growth. The paper finds that short-term deterioration of the current account is partly due to higher fuel imports. The impulse response analysis shows that a standard deviation fall in Fiji's REER leads to a J-curve type response in the current account within a short period. Furthermore, fuel import demand and devaluations are found to have negative, but transitory, effect on economic growth.     

Monetary policy transmission under different banking structures: The role of capital and heterogeneity

This work deals with the transmission of monetary policy through the bank loan market, in the presence of a capital requirement regulation. Unlike standard models, based on the “representative bank” shortcut, we adopt the heterogeneous agents approach: this allows us to explicitly model the strategic interaction between well-capitalized and under-capitalized banks. The main results are the following. (I) The propagation of a monetary policy impulse through the loan market differs considerably, depending on the market structure: under monopolistic competition, strategic complementarity among well-capitalized banks leads to a “multiplier effect”; in the Cournot oligopoly framework, an effect of the opposite sign is at work, due to strategic substitutability. (II) Well-capitalized banks are more important, in shaping the adjustment following a monetary policy shock, than what is implied by their relative number over total; this fact strengthens the monetary policy effectiveness. This result holds under both monopolistic competition and oligopoly, although the interaction among banks, leading to such a result, differs across the two banking structures.     

地方政府融资平台的举债 行为及其影响分析 ——双冲动下的信贷加速器效应分析

本文在地方政府和商业银行双冲动的框架下讨论地方政府融资平台的举债行为，联系到地方政府积累的巨额债务及可导致的金融风险，以及融资平台与信贷市场和房地产市场的紧密联系，本文将金融加速器的概念引入到分析中来。经过建立理论模型分析发现，地方政府和商业银行双冲动下地方政府融资平台实际上拥有信贷加速器效应，这种信贷加速器效应有可能导致风险不可控，应该引起高度重视。     

The impact of monetary policy on housing market activity: An assessment using sign restrictions

Existing research demonstrates that housing, particularly residential investment, plays an important role in the transmission of monetary policy shocks to the overall economy. With this in mind, this paper investigates the relationship between monetary policy and housing market activity using a relatively new method for identifying monetary shocks. More specifically, a monetary policy shock is identified by explicitly imposing sign restrictions on impulse response vectors. The extra information from sign restrictions is important for new insights regarding the transmission of monetary policy to the housing sector – notably, the results indicate that residential investment is less sensitive to a contractionary shock than standard estimates with recursive restrictions. Given that the response of the housing sector using sign restrictions is smaller than other work using standard identification methods, the work indicates that further research is needed to examine whether other sectors of the economy may be less sensitive to monetary policy than previously thought.     

关于我国碳排放量及影响因素的实证分析

采用加权最小二乘法与向量自回归方法构建了在低碳经济环境下我国碳排放量及其影响因素之间关系的对比性实证分析模型,并进一步利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解探索影响系数大小和时期变化规律。研究表明,一方面,我国碳排放量与其影响因素之间存在一种长期均衡稳定的关系,其中最重要的因素是人均GDP、能源效率和产业结构,其次是人口数量和人均收入;另一方面,通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解得出我国碳排放量对人均GDP、能源效率和产业结构的冲击反应比较敏感,而对人口数量和人均收入水平随时期变化的响应则比较稳定,各变量影响系数在短期和长期存在明显差异。     

消费者信心指数与股票市场收益的实证研究

基于行为金融学的视角，研究消费者信心和股票市场收益的互动关系，结果发现消费者信心指数与殷市收益具有较强的相关性。利用脉）辛响应和方差分解分析消费者信心与股市收益之间的互动关系，结果表明，消费者信心指数能预测一部分收益，股市收益与消费者信心指数间的冲击具有不对称性。     

Foreign output and price shocks and macroeconomic activity in Korea

This paper examines the effects of foreign output and price shocks on output and the price level in Korea. The framework is a nine variable VAR model which includes output, price level, interest rate, real exchange rate, money supply, government expenditures, government debt, and foreign output and price variables. Foreign output and price effects are evaluated through computation of variance decompositions and impulse response functions. The variance decompositions indicate significant effects of foreign output on domestic output and significant effects of foreign prices on domestic output and the price level. The impulse response functions indicate positive short-run effects of foreign output on domestic output but insignificant effects on the price level while foreign price shocks have significant negative effects on output and significant positive effects on the price level for approximately two years. The results indicate the importance of including foreign shock variables when modeling the Korean economy.     

How similar are alcohol drinkers? International evidence

Using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) approach, several hypotheses are re-examined suggested by the literature concerning the relationship between financial development and economic growth, investment and productivity. The models use quarterly time-series data from ten OECD countries and China. Innovation accounting or variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis is applied to examine interrelationships between variables in the VAR system and, therefore, differs from the more usual Granger causality approach. In particular, it examines the relationship between financial development proxied by total credit. At best, weak support is found for the hypothesis that financial development ‘leads' economic growth.     

Impact of state-dependent oil price on US stock returns using local projections

In this paper, we investigate the impact of oil prices on both aggregate and industry US real stock returns over the period 1973–2017. The empirical analysis contributes to the related literature introducing a state-dependent oil price (high and low) and the local projections approach. Our main finding is that, depending on the nature of the shock and industry, the negative effects of oil price shocks become exacerbated -and the positive effects get moderated- if oil prices are already high.     

产业结构服务化对人力资本集聚的空间溢出效应——以对北京、上海、广东的SpVAR分析为例

在新经济地理学经典分析框架下建立理论模型,通过数理经济分析方法,讨论发达地区产业结构服务化对周边地区人力资本集聚产生的影响。采用空间向量自回归（SpVAR）模型,结合各地区就业人员平均工资数据验证理论假说,发现北京产业结构服务化对天津、上海对江苏和浙江、广东对福建的人力资本集聚影响,主要表现为负向的空间溢出效应,即虹吸效应,地区间收入水平接近;北京产业结构服务化对河北、内蒙古、山西、河南、辽宁,上海对除江苏、浙江以外的长江经济带7省1市,广东对江西、贵州、湖南的人力资本集聚作用,主要表现为正向的空间溢出效应,即示范效应,地区间收入水平存在差距。根据数理经济分析与实证分析结果,提出以示范效应带动周边地区人力资本集聚,改善虹吸效应对周边地区人力资本集聚的不利影响,发挥政府、企业、行业组织等多方主体在人力资本建设中的作用等意见建议,以期实现人力资本的合理集聚,在产业结构服务化的过程中有效提升人力资本。