Slippage Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program: Reply

Given that the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) costs taxpayers $2 billion per year and remains the largest conservation program in U.S. history, Roberts and Bucholtz are to be commended for revisiting the slippage issue. However, their central point that regional variation in CRP acreage is endogenous is inconsistent with CRP implementation rules and data. Thus, it is not surprising that the null hypothesis of exogeneity cannot be rejected by statistical tests.     

美国土地休耕保护计划的制度设计及若干启示

探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点,是国家一项部署。美国实施土地休耕保护计划已经30多年,本文通过分析美国土地休耕保护计划的关注目标、基本程序、规模、投入等基本情况,认为美国的主要政策手段是审慎确定休耕规模、科学的评价指标、市场竞标机制、精准化和差异化的补贴机制、现代科技手段等。在借鉴美国经验的基础上,本文提出了我国开展耕地轮作休耕的几点思考与启示。     

The Manure Hits the Land: Economic and Environmental Implications When Land Application of Nutrients Is Constrained

The discharge of manure nutrients into area waters from confined animal feeding operations is considered a leading contributor to U.S. water quality impairments. An option to mitigate these impairments is to constrain land application of manure. When these constraints are particularly binding, due to minimal acceptance of manure as a substitute for commercial fertilizer, potentially large and unanticipated changes in returns to agricultural production and water quality may occur. Moreover, some of the cost of meeting the constraints is passed on to consumers through higher prices and to a portion of rural economies through lower production rates and labor expenditures.     

Is Geographical Targeting Cost-Effective? The Case of the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program in Illinois

This paper uses economic, hydrologic, and GIS modeling to assess the effectiveness of the Illinois Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program in the Lower Sangamon watershed. Our results show that for a representative five-year storm event, the acres currently enrolled in the program result in a 12% reduction in sediment loading, which is below the program goal of 20% and four times the least-cost solution. We also analyze the design of alternative rental payment instruments for improving the cost-effectiveness of geographical targeting for land retirement. Policy implications for the characteristics of the land parcels that should be targeted for enrollment in the program are discussed.     

Land Heterogeneity,Agricultural Income Forgone and Environmental Benefit: An Assessment of Incentive Compatibility Problems in Environmental Stewardship Schemes

This paper examines the issue of incentive compatibility within environmental stewardship schemes, where incentive payments to farmers to provide environmental goods and services are based on foregone agricultural income. The particular focus of the paper is land heterogeneity, either of agricultural or environmental value, leading to divergence between the actual and socially optimal level of provision of environmental goods and services. Given land heterogeneity, such goods and services are likely to be systematically over‐ or under‐provided in response to a flat rate payment for income foregone.     

美国土地开发权转让制度及其对中国耕地保护的启示

研究目的分析美国土地开发权制度的经验,探索以经济手段改变经济利益动机影响相关人的行为,为中国土地管理和开发提供经验和借鉴.研究方法制度经济学分析和文献分析法.研究成果基于经济激励机制TDRs比刚性政策能够更有效地保护耕地,同时由于中国的快速发展,TDRs更有可能成为保护耕地的有效措施之一.由于TDRs能够区别对待不同发展阶段的地区,能够消除或减少统一的土地政策带来的效率损失,是制定和实施"因地制宜"土地政策和管理的发展方向之一.     

The Pursuit of Efficiency and Its Unintended Consequences: Contract Withdrawals in the Environmental Quality Incentives Program

This article analyzes why the USDA's Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) experiences contract withdrawals. Among approved contracts, 17% withdrew one or more conservation practices. After presenting a model of producers' behavior, a logit model is used to examine the withdrawal phenomenon. Withdrawals are linked to producers having an incentive to include low cost-share payments and practices in the conservation plan that increase the probability of approval, but may not be profitable. These results are discussed in light of the changes to EQIP that have been introduced by the 2002 Farm Act.     

Joint Estimation of Technology Adoption and Land Allocation with Implications for the Design of Conservation Policy

One challenge to estimating the parameters of a technology adoption model is that technology is selected jointly with land allocation. The article estimates a nested logit model of technology and crop choices that accounts for unobserved correlation among decisions. Estimation is conducted with a data set of adoptions, in contrast to the more common approach of using cross-section observations of existing technologies. Estimation results support the choice of a nesting structure as opposed to a more standard multinomial logit model. Adoption of precision irrigation technology is shown to be more sensitive to financial incentives affecting input price and technology cost than suggested by previous studies.     

政府和农村集体土地收益分配关系实证研究--以我国土地征用-出让过程为例

由于集体土地入市存在“征地制度壁垒” ,导致政府征用集体土地过程中土地市场主体之间 ,尤其是政府和集体之间的经济利益冲突。本文通过分析全国 3 5个城市样点 ,对土地征用—出让过程中政府和农村集体土地收益分配关系进行实证研究 ,认为征地制度破坏了市场潜在的均衡 ,造成集体的经济福利损失。作者建议应该引入竞争因素 ,让竞争机制来决定政府和农村集体的土地收益分配比例。     

Alternative Policy Instruments for Agriculture Support: Consequences for Trade, Farm Income and Competitiveness

The views expressed are solely those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.     

土地征收中的社会稳定风险评估——以广州新客站周边土地储备项目二期征地为例

土地征收作为一种重大事项,必须进行社会稳定风险评估。依据风险评估的有关要求,以广州某征地项目为例,介绍了社会稳定风险评估报告的主要内容和程序、方法,风险评估结果表明:新客站征地拆迁项目总体社会稳定风险较小,但部分内容仍然可能诱发风险,因此需制定详细的预案,注意加强对风险的防范。     

土地参与宏观调控的机制与手段选择

土地政策参与宏观调控是在我国特殊国情下的特殊选择,但土地政策参与宏观调控的理论和实践都还在探索阶段,调控手段、路径选择、传导机制等问题还有待进一步完善.应进一步完善土地配置的市场机制、耕地保护机制和土地利用规划机制.以土地规划、地租地价、土地供给量、土地收益分配等手段参与宏观调控.     

中国土地利用法律中的公共参与

研究目的:分析中国土地利用中的公共参与现状,认识公共参与的重要性。研究方法:通过法律文本分析和案例分析,建立由"法律明确度"和"结果拘束力"组成的分析框架。研究结果:改革开放30年,中国对土地利用中的公共参与进行了很多实验,取得一定成就,法律规定也在完善,但还存在着不足,比如公共参与的结果不具有很强的拘束力,法律规定的程序存在很多的缺陷等。研究结论:完善公民在土地利用中的公共参与程序,赋予公共参与以明确的法律效力。     

美国怀俄明州煤矿土地复垦监管实践及对中国的启示

研究目的:学习美国矿业第一大州怀俄明州煤矿土地复垦政策体系和监管实践经验,为中国相关领域的政策制定和监管提供参考和借鉴。研究方法:通过相关法律法规和指南的阅读、分析及对管理人员的访问,对比中美复垦监管实践之间的差异。研究结果:解析了该州的相关政策和监管体系,详细介绍了监管框架中开采许可、保证金和年报等制度的目的和内容,以及监管与审批验收的人员、程序和关键步骤,中美复垦监管制度的差异。研究结论:美国怀俄明州的煤矿土地复垦监管体系较为完善,在以下方面值得借鉴:(1)基础信息调查全面、详尽;(2)管理目标明确、验收指标具体,不仅重视行政监管,更强调技术监管;(3)以年报制度要求企业自检,全面监测复垦要素,实现复垦过程监管;(4)监管人员专业技术水平要求较高,验收过程中资料审查与实地督查并重;(5)法律法规与相关指南实时更新,对企业的指导详尽,信息透明度和公众参与度较高。     

耕地、收入和教育对农村劳动力转移的影响

运用湖南省实地调查得到的数据资料，探讨了耕地、收入和教育对农村劳动力转移的影响。主要结论是，没有证实耕地、收入和外出打工行为间的倒“U”关系以及没有证实在耕地和收入居中的家庭里农民更愿意外出打工的假说；一定程度上证实了教育对农民外出打工行动具有促进作用；年龄和外出打工行动间具有反向关系；人口多的家庭中人员外出打工的较多；儿童和老人的人数越少、劳动力人数越多家庭的农民越发愿意外出打工.     

加拿大BC省土地利用规划及其启示

研究目的:比较分析加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的土地利用规划,为中国新一轮土地利用总体规划的修编提供借鉴。研究方法:文献资料法。研究结果:加拿大BC省在土地利用规划编制思路、公众参与、社会经济与环境评价、监督体系方面建立了较为成功的机制。研究结论:中国应从重视对规划区域用地冲突问题分析、公众参与制度化建设、社会经济与环境评价内容与方法的健全、融实施评估和效果评估为一体的监督体系建设等方面来完善土地利用规划。     

中国农村妇女土地权利——意义、现状、趋势

一、保障农村妇女土地权利对经济、社会发展的重要意义1 .农村妇女已成为农村经济、社会发展的主力军 ;保护她们的土地权利 ,就是保护农村、农业和农户经济持续、稳定的发展。伴随中国由计划经济向市场经济、农业社会向工业社会的转型 ,农村的男性劳动力更多地从农业转移到非农产业或到城镇务工经商 ,而女性则成为农村的留守大军。留守的农村妇女不仅像以前那样承担全部家务和庭院劳动 ,而且承担了原来由男性分担的农业生产活动 ,农村妇女劳动负担呈加重的趋势。在一些地方 ,农村妇女已经成为种植业、养殖业领域的主力军 ,农业女性化的趋势…     

从集体用地流转看我国农村土地发展权配置

当前我国农村土地的发展权实质上归属于国家所有,集体建设用地流转是农民集体争取土地发展权及其收益的体现。农村土地发展权的设立与配置是十分必要的。文章通过分析与借鉴国外土地发展权制度的实践经验,对我国农村土地发展权制度进行了设计与构建,主要内容包括农村土地发展权的归属、农用土地发展权配置、集体建设用地发展权配置、农村土地发展权流转、对农村土地发展权的管理等五个方面。