浅析欧盟电子电气两指令及对中国相关产品的挑战

2003年2月13日，欧盟公布了《关于报废电子电气设备的第2002／96／EC号指令》(WEEE指令)和《关于在电子电气设备中限制使用某些有害物质的第2002／95／EC号指令》(ROHS指令)，这两项强制性技术措施于2004年8月13日正式实施。本文就欧盟两指令的背景、目的和核心内容做了相关介绍；分析了它们对我国相关产品所带来的挑战；提出了我国政府和企业应该采取的对策建议。     

2011年最新RoHS法规（2011/65/EU）解析

随着人们对气候变化及臭氧层消耗的日益关注,环境保护问题几乎已经成为当前世界各国包括欧洲政治议程的首要问题。2003年2月,欧盟制定并颁布了两个与此相关的指令。它们分别是欧盟第2002/95/EC号指令：《关于在电子电气设备中限制使用某种危险物的指令》（简称RoHs）和欧盟第2002／96／EC号指令：《关于报废电子电气没备指令》（简称WEEE）。     

欧盟两项电器环保指令与我国机电产品出口

技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)已成为发达国家实施贸易保护主义更为隐蔽、更为有效的手段。作为中国第三大贸易伙伴的欧盟,其实施的各种TBT措施对中国的出口产品,特别是机电仪产品已经而且还将继续产生严重的影响。这种影响是双重的。本文以欧盟新出台的两项电器环保指令WEEE(2002/95/EC)和ROHS(2002/96/EC)为引子,对上述指令做一剖析,并就上述指令如何对出口产品和出口企业产生影响及业内对策展开分析讨论。     

环保面纱下的技术壁垒——欧盟最新电气、电子设备回收等两项指令评析

2003年2月13日,欧盟在《欧洲联盟官方公报》第L37期上公布了《关于限制在电气、电子设备中使用某些有害物质的指令(2002/95/EC)》和《关于废弃电气、电子设备的指令(2002/96/EC)》,且这些指令自公布之日起即生效.据贸易官员与业界人士分析,指令的实施必然会对中国电气、电子产品向欧盟的出口构成壁垒.     

欧盟玩具安全新指令2009，48／EC浅析

欧盟是中国玩具的重要输出地。国内的玩具企业普遍认为出口欧盟的玩具要求较高。这主要源于欧盟非常严格和详细的安全要求,集中体现在欧盟制定的玩具安全指令中。2009年6月30日欧盟《官方公报》刊登了新版欧盟玩具安全指令（第2009／48／EC号指令）,该指令考虑到技术发展和新的玩具安全问题,     

陶瓷行业呈现集中化

近日，欧盟委员会发布欧委会第2005／31／EC号指令，对第84／500／EEC号指令《关于与食品接触的瓷器制品的性能标准与合格声明》进行了修订。指令指出：从2006年5月20日起，允许符合该指令的瓷器制品使用和进行贸易；从2007年5月20日起，不符合该指令要求的瓷器制品将禁止生产和进口。新指令增补了在欧盟内生产和销售的可能与食品接触的瓷器制品必须附有由生产商和销售商提供的书面声明，     

法律法规

<正> 欧盟有关纺织服装的贸易新规定目前,欧盟及各成员国或相关组织构筑"绿色壁垒"的速度正在加快。仅在纺织品服装贸易领域,去年以来就有10余项新的法规、指令或标签标准出台。其中涉及面较广的主要有:关于禁用偶氮染料的欧盟指令2002/61/EC 关于纺织品生态标签(Kco-h-bel)标准的欧盟委员会决定2002/371/EC、关于禁止使用和销售"蓝色寨"的欧盟委员会指令2003/3/EC、关于全面禁用部分含澳阻燃剂的欧洲议会和欧盟委员会指令2003/11/KC、使用邻苯二甲酸     

信息平台

欧盟规定电池和蓄电池生产商注册的要求近日,欧盟委员会发布委员会决议草案,依照欧洲议会和理事会指令2006/66/EC,规定电池和蓄电池生产商注册的要求。草案涉及电池和蓄电池生产商的注册。为了避免对于这些生产商不必要的行政负担,有必要规定在整个欧     

欧盟新《电池指令》生效

今年9月26日,欧盟新《电池指令》（第2006／66／EC号指令）取代以往的电池法规,并就欧盟区内电池及蓄电池的设计和处置确立更严格的规定。     

欧盟EuPs指令的影响与应对

2005年7月6日欧盟通过了《建立用能产品的生态设计架构以及对92/42/EEC、96/57/EC和2000/55/EC指令的修订》(欧盟EuPs指令),该指令首批涉及的14大类产品(项目)将于2008年内逐步分阶段开始实施。     

Time to Do the Job Properly—The Case for a New Approach to EU Consumer Legislation

Following 25 years of legislative activity in the field of consumer law, the EU has proposed major reforms to the consumer law acquis. Existing legislation is largely based on directives harmonizing aspects of national consumer laws. This paper argues that a more appropriate approach for EU consumer law would be legislation in the form of a regulation which is applicable to cross-border transactions only. This argument will consider the constitutional constraints of the EU Treaties, before examining the case for a cross-border-only measure. It will be argued that the cross-border approach is preferable, because it would provide clearer benefits for consumers seeking to buy goods/services across borders, while not upsetting domestic law unnecessarily, in particular in the context of e-commerce.     

Policy implications

Abstract: In the European Union, the framework of financial services legislation at EU level has been aimed primarily at forming a single market for banks, insurers and other financial services firms. Substantial progress has been made towards this objective. Also, the EU initiatives have stimulated a reappraisal of national regulatory systems. Most of this EU legislation (with the exception of the consumer credit directives) has not had consumer protection as one of its main aims, although it has been assumed that consumers will eventually benefit from a wide choice of financial services providers and from price competition. However, partly in response to consumer pressure, the European Commission is developing a set of initiatives more closely geared to protecting consumers’ interests. Within the context of the EU’s approach, there remain considerable variations in the approach to protecting consumers’ interests in different member states as a result of legal and cultural differences.     

The New German Sales Law: Changing Patterns in the Regulation of Product Quality

Directive 99/44/EC has led to a fundamental revision of the German Civil Code, the BGB. The Act on the Modernisation of the Law of Obligations, which is now in force, pursues a threefold objective: modernisation, Europeanisation, and integration. Modernisation means making German civil law fit for competition with the best civil systems. Europeanisation means transforming three directives on default, consumer sales, and e-commerce into German civil law. Integration means absorbing consumer legislation into the Civil Code.This paper focuses on sales law. The author argues that it enshrines a new concept of contract law. Its basic elements are made clear when examined on the basis of a historical analysis of the factors that have determined the development of the product quality regulation in the last century: contract law, technical standardisation, and competition law. All three are no longer in the hands of the Member States alone. Europeanisation is at the heart of the matter. Europeanisation has led to major changes in technical standardisation, in competition law, and now in contract law. This newly emerging concept might be termed "competitive contract law," as it develops under the influence of both EC contract and EC competition law. The German legislator has gone a long way in changing the regulatory patterns in sales law. Whether it will be politically and legally accepted remains to be seen.     

A review of national arrangements for consumer influence in product safety standardization in the EEA

Abstract

Cooperation between the EC and the EFTA countries in the European Economic Area (EEA) should, among other things, enable consumers to participate in and influence standardization. The EC New Approach presupposes the elaboration of standards to interpret or fill out the special safety provisions of various directives. The notion of safe products according to the Product Safety Directive can be supported by drafting relevant safety standards. Swedish experiences in some product fields show that results can be achieved through expert consumer participation. Consumer influence on standardization is a matter of great importance for product safety in the future.     

Completion of the internal market and consumer protection in Greece

The paper provides information about the development of Greek consumer law under the influence of the internal market programme of the EC. This influence has been very positive in general. Most consumer directives of the EC have been implemented, albeit with some limitations. Furthermore, the Greek legislator has anticipated not yet adopted EC directives, e.g., on unfair terms in consumer contracts and on product safety. The author argues for the establishment of a European Consumer Code, especially in order to overcome the restrictions of the subsidiarity principle.

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Die Vollendung des Gemeinsamen Markts und der Verbraucherschutz in Griechenland

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag informiert über den Stand des griechischen Verbraucherschutzrechts aufgrund des BinnenmarktprogrammËs der EG. Letzteres hat sich überaus positiv ausgewirkt. Das griechische Recht hat die EG-Richtlinien zum Verbraucherschutz zum grö\ten Teil übernommen, wenn auch in einigen Gebieten, etwa der Produkthaftung, mit Abstrichen. In anderen Bereichen, etwa mi\bräuchliche Klauseln in Verbraucherverträgen und allgemeine Produktsicherheit, hat man EG-Regelungen antizipiert. Die Verfasserin fordert die Verabschiedung eines europäischen Verbraucherkodex, schon um negativen Wirkungen des Subsidiaritätsprinzips entgegenzuwirken.

     

中国与欧盟木制家具生态标志技术要求的比较

欧盟于2009年11月30日通过了关于建立授予木制家具生态标签的标准的决议——2009/894/EC,中国也有对家具环境标志的技术要求HJ/T 303-2006。本文对两者关于木制家具生态标志的技术要求作了比较。     

The internal market and consumer protection in Norway

The article gives an overview of amendments and considerations concerning amendments, with regard to the implementation of EC law in Norwegian consumer law. A distinction is made between the EC harmonized and the non-harmonized areas. With regard to the harmonized areas, it is pointed out that the Norwegian legislation in general has wider fields of application and is of a less detailed nature than the current EC directives. Hence, the Marketing Act from 1972 covers several directives and draft directives. In general Norwegian consumer law to a large extent is in harmony with EC consumer law, that is as long as the latter is of a minimum nature. Concerning the non-harmonized areas, Norwegian consumer law is considered acceptable to the EC, provided it does not discriminate between national and foreign businesses, and there is proportionality between the instruments and the aims.

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Gemeinsamer Markt und norwegischer Verbraucherschutz

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag gibt einen überblick über die tatsächlichen und vorgesehenen Ergänzungen, die durch das neue EG-Recht am norwegischen Verbraucherrecht notwendig sind. Dabei wird ein Unterschied gemacht zwischen harmonisierten und nichtharmonisierten Bereichen. Was harmonisierte Bereiche anlangt, so wird ausgeführt, da\ die norwegische Gesetzgebung im allgemeinen einen weiteren Anwendungsbereich hat und gleichzeitig weniger detailliert ist als die neuen EG-Richtlinien. So deckt das Handelsgesetz von 1972 mehrere Richtlinien und Richtlinien-Entwürfe ab. Insgesamt ist das norwegische Recht weitgehend im Einklang mit dem EG-Verbraucherrecht. In nichtharmonisierten Bereichen ist das norwegische Recht insoweit mit EG-Recht vereinbar, als es nicht zwischen einheimischen und ausländischen Marktteilnehmern unterscheidet und die Verhältnismä\igkeit der Mittel gewahrt ist.

     

欧盟贸易协定谈判机制研究

国际协定是欧盟法律体系的重要组成部分。与贸易有关的国际协定,包括贸易协定、合作协定以及联系协定等,也是欧盟贸易政策的重要组成部分。本文通过介绍欧盟贸易协定谈判权的法理依据、各参与主体的法律地位和作用、参与主体内部及之间的权力平衡关系,分析和研究了欧盟贸易协定谈判机制,以利于进一步了解欧盟法律和贸易政策,也有益于发展中欧贸易关系。     

EU Enlargement Creating a Framework for the Eu-Russian Rapprochement

Abstract

The Eastern enlargement of the European Union has substantial influence on EU external policy and its relations with non-EU countries, including Russia. In this situation, Russia's main concern is to avoid the creation of new dividing lines after the enlargement. This paper will argue that instead of dividing Europe, the EU enlargement would create a framework for further cooperation and eventually rapprochement between the EU and Russia. Therefore, Russia would be able to benefit from this process. The paper will analyse the consequences of the EU enlargement for Russia and examine the main political concepts determining directions of this rapprochement between the European Union and Russia: New Neighbourhood, Common Spaces and Eastern dimension.